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Hands-On Design Patterns with C++
Hands-On Design Patterns with C++

Hands-On Design Patterns with C++: Solve common C++ problems with modern design patterns and build robust applications

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Hands-On Design Patterns with C++

Class and Function Templates

The template programming features of C++ form a large and complex subject, with many books dedicated exclusively to teaching these features. In this book, we will use many of the advanced C++ generic programming features. How, then, should we prepare the reader to understand these language constructs as they make their appearance throughout this book? This chapter takes an informal approach—instead of precise definitions, we demonstrate the use of templates through examples and explain what the different language features do. If you find your knowledge lacking at this point, you're encouraged to seek a deeper understanding and read one or more of the books dedicated entirely to the C++ language that's focused on explaining its syntax and semantics. Of course, the reader wishing for more precise, formal description is referred to the...

Templates in C++

One of the greatest strengths of C++ is its support for generic programming. In generic programming, the algorithms and data structures are written in terms of generic types that will be specified later. This allows the programmer to implement a function or a class once, and later, instantiate it for many different types. Templates are a C++ feature that allows classes and functions to be defined on generic types. C++ supports three kinds of templates—function, class, and variable templates.

Function templates

Function templates are generic functions—unlike the regular functions, a template function does not declare its argument types. Instead, the types are template parameters:

template &lt...

Template instantiations

The template name is not a type and cannot be used to declare a variable or call a function. To create a type or a function, the template must be instantiated. Most of the time, the templates are instantiated implicitly when they are used. We will again start with the function templates.

Function templates

To use a function template to generate a function, we have to specify which types should be used for all template type parameters. We can just specify the types directly:

template <typename T>
T half(T x) { return x/2; }
int i = half<int>(5);

This instantiates the half function template with the int type. The type is explicitly specified; we could call the function with an argument of another...

Template specializations

Template specializations allow us to make the generated template code differently for some types—not just the same code with different types substituted, but completely different code. There are two kinds of template specialization in C++—the explicit, or full, specialization and the partial specialization. Let's start with the former.

Explicit specialization

Explicit template specialization defines a special version of the template for a particular set of types. In an explicit specialization, all generic types are replaced by specific, concrete types. Since the explicit specialization is not a generic class or function, it does not need to be instantiated later. For the same reason...

Template function overloading

We are used to regular functions, or class methods, being overloaded—multiple functions with the same name have different parameter types. Each call invokes the function with the best match of the parameter types to the call arguments, as show in the following example:

void whatami(int x) { std::cout << x << " is int" << std::endl; }
void whatami(long x) { std::cout << x << " is long" << std::endl; }
whatami(5); // 5 is int
whatami(5.0); // Compilation error

If the arguments are a perfect match for one of the overloaded functions with the given name, that function is called. Otherwise, the compiler considers conversions to the parameter types of the available functions. If one of the functions offers better conversions, that function is selected. Otherwise, the call is ambiguous...

Variadic templates

Probably the greatest difference between generic programming in C and C++ is type safety. It is possible to write generic code in C—the standard function qsort() is a perfect example—it can sort values of any type and they are passed in using a void* pointer, which can really be a pointer to any type. Of course, the programmer has to know what the real type is and cast the pointer to the right type. In a generic C++ program, the types are either explicitly specified or deduced at the time of the instantiation, and the type system for generic types is as strong as it is for regular types. Unless we want a function with an unknown number of arguments, that is, prior to C++11, the only way was the old C-style variadic functions where the compiler had no idea what the argument types were; the programmer just had to know and unpack the variable arguments...

Lambda expressions

In C++, the regular function syntax is extended with the concept of a callable, short for callable entity—a callable is something that can be called in the same way as a function. Some examples of callables are functions (of course), function pointers, or objects with operator(), also known as functors:

void f(int i);
struct G {
void operator()(int i);
};
f(5); // Function
G g; g(5); // Functor

It is often useful to define a callable entity in a local context, right next to the place it is used. For example, to sort a sequence of objects, we may want to define a custom comparison function. We can use an ordinary function for this:

bool compare(int i, int j) { return i < j; }
void do_work() {
std::vector<int> v;
.....
std::sort(v.begin(), v.end(), compare);
}

However, in C++, functions cannot be defined inside other functions...

Summary

Templates, variadic templates, and lambda expressions are all powerful features of C++, offering simplicity in use, but are rich in complex details. The examples in this chapter should serve to prepare the reader for the later chapters of this book, where we use these techniques to implement design patterns, both classic and novel, with the tools of the modern C++ language. The reader wishing to learn the art of using these complex and powerful tools to their fullest potential is referred to other books that are dedicated to teaching these subjects, some of which can be found at the end of this chapter.

The reader is now ready to learn the common C++ idioms, starting with the idioms for expressing memory ownership, in the next chapter.

Questions

  1. What is the difference between a type and a template?
  2. What kind of templates does C++ have?
  3. What kinds of template parameters do C++ templates have?
  4. What is the difference between a template specialization and a template instantiation?
  5. How can you access the parameter pack of the variadic template?
  6. What are lambda expressions used for?
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Key benefits

  • Delve into the core patterns and components of C++ in order to master application design
  • Learn tricks, techniques, and best practices to solve common design and architectural challenges
  • Understand the limitation imposed by C++ and how to solve them using design patterns

Description

C++ is a general-purpose programming language designed with the goals of efficiency, performance, and flexibility in mind. Design patterns are commonly accepted solutions to well-recognized design problems. In essence, they are a library of reusable components, only for software architecture, and not for a concrete implementation. The focus of this book is on the design patterns that naturally lend themselves to the needs of a C++ programmer, and on the patterns that uniquely benefit from the features of C++, in particular, the generic programming. Armed with the knowledge of these patterns, you will spend less time searching for a solution to a common problem and be familiar with the solutions developed from experience, as well as their advantages and drawbacks. The other use of design patterns is as a concise and an efficient way to communicate. A pattern is a familiar and instantly recognizable solution to specific problem; through its use, sometimes with a single line of code, we can convey a considerable amount of information. The code conveys: "This is the problem we are facing, these are additional considerations that are most important in our case; hence, the following well-known solution was chosen." By the end of this book, you will have gained a comprehensive understanding of design patterns to create robust, reusable, and maintainable code.

Who is this book for?

This book is for experienced C++ developers and programmers who wish to learn about software design patterns and principles and apply them to create robust, reusable, and easily maintainable apps.

What you will learn

  • Recognize the most common design patterns used in C++
  • Understand how to use C++ generic programming to solve common design problems
  • Explore the most powerful C++ idioms, their strengths, and drawbacks
  • Rediscover how to use popular C++ idioms with generic programming
  • Understand the impact of design patterns on the program's performance
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Table of Contents

20 Chapters
An Introduction to Inheritance and Polymorphism Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Class and Function Templates Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Memory Ownership Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Swap - From Simple to Subtle Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
A Comprehensive Look at RAII Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Understanding Type Erasure Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
SFINAE and Overload Resolution Management Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
The Curiously Recurring Template Pattern Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Named Arguments and Method Chaining Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Local Buffer Optimization Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
ScopeGuard Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Friend Factory Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Virtual Constructors and Factories Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
The Template Method Pattern and the Non-Virtual Idiom Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Singleton - A Classic OOP Pattern Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Policy-Based Design Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Adapters and Decorators Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
The Visitor Pattern and Multiple Dispatch Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Assessments Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Other Books You May Enjoy Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

Top Reviews
Rating distribution
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Half star icon 4.3
(19 Ratings)
5 star 68.4%
4 star 15.8%
3 star 5.3%
2 star 0%
1 star 10.5%
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Zheng Qu Jun 20, 2020
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
I learned a lot just by reading. Cannot wait to put them into use.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Hans Schmid Jul 09, 2019
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
You won't find any better book on design patterns in C++ with emphasis on C++. The book is just awesome. Thank you Fedor Pikus for writing the book. I was always struggling with reading advanced, modern C++ code until I found this book. The C++ community owes you one - or two!
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Matthias Sep 15, 2022
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
… this is it. The author uses all(?) language features to explain in detail how common programming patterns can be efficiently coded with C++.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Maxim Rozhkov Aug 29, 2020
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
The book covers the most important topics of modern C++: RAII, memory ownership, SFINAE, CRTP, Scope Guard, etc. It begins with explaining C++ tricks in generics in the first part of the book. The second logical part reviews the traditional C++ patterns (that were described in the classical «Design Patterns – Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software»). The Fedor’s goal is to improve them by the newest C++ 11/14/17 features.The author made the great work: his explanation is clear and accurate. The examples are short and extremely focused on specific topics.In my opinion, the book is in the same area as the Andrei Alexandrescu's book, named "Modern C++ Design: Generic Programming and Design Patterns Applied", but the Fedor's book is the newest one and much close to a regular developer.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Manish Sharma Sep 23, 2021
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
I loved this book and I recommend it to anyone who wants to develop any good software in C++
Amazon Verified review Amazon
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