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Software Architecture Patterns for Serverless Systems
Software Architecture Patterns for Serverless Systems

Software Architecture Patterns for Serverless Systems: Architecting for innovation with events, autonomous services, and micro frontends

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Software Architecture Patterns for Serverless Systems

Table of Contents

Preface

Section 1: Establishing an Architectural Vision

Chapter 1: Architecting for Innovation

Continuously delivering business value

By the skin of our teeth

Through high-velocity teamwork

Taking control of lead time

Risk mitigation

Decision making

Software Development Life Cycle methodology

Hardware provisioning

Software deployment

Software structure

Testing and confidence

Dependencies and inter-team communication

Dissecting integration styles

Batch integration

Spaghetti integration

Real-time integration

Enterprise application integration

Shared database

Service-oriented architecture

Microservices

Enabling autonomous teams with autonomous services

Autonomous services – creating bulkheads

Event-first – valuing facts

Serverless-first – creating knowledge

Data life cycle – fighting data gravity

Micro frontends – equalizing tiers

Observability – optimizing everything

Organic evolution – embracing change

Summary

Chapter 2: Defining Boundaries and Letting Go

Building on SOLID principles

Single Responsibility Principle

Open-Closed Principle

Liskov Substitution Principle

Interface Segregation Principle

Dependency Inversion Principle

Thinking about events first

Event storming

Verbs versus nouns

Facts versus ephemeral messages

Contracts versus notifications

React and evolve

Powered by an event hub

Dividing a system into autonomous subsystems

By actor

By business unit

By business capability

By data life cycle

By legacy system

Creating subsystem bulkheads

Decomposing a subsystem into autonomous services

Context diagram

Micro frontend

Event hub

Autonomous service patterns

Dissecting an autonomous service

Repository

CI/CD pipeline and GitOps

Tests

Stack

Persistence

Trilateral API

Functions

Micro-app

Shared libraries

Governing without impeding

Leveraging observability

Facilitating a culture of robustness

Audit continuously

Securing the perimeter

Elevating TestOps

Automating account creation

Summary

Section 2: Dissecting the Software Architecture Patterns

Chapter 3: Taming the Presentation Tier

Zigzagging through time

Client-side versus server-side rendering

Build-time versus runtime rendering

Web versus mobile

Breaking up the frontend monolith

By subsystem

By user activity

By device type

By version

Dissecting micro frontends

The main app

Micro-app

Micro-app activation

Mount points

Manifest deployer

Inter-application communication

Designing for offline-first

Transparency

Local cache

Live updates

Regional failover

Securing the user experience

OpenID Connect

Conditional rendering

Protected routes

Passing the JWT to BFF services

Observing real user activity

RUM

Synthetics

Summary

Chapter 4: Trusting Facts and Eventual Consistency

Living in an eventually consistent world

Staging

Consistency

Concurrency and partitions

Order tolerance and idempotence

Parallelism

Publishing to an event hub

Event bus

Domain events

Routing and channel topology

Dissecting the Event Sourcing pattern

Systemwide event sourcing

Event lake

Event streams

Micro event stores

Processing event streams

Batch size

Functional reactive programming

Unit of work

Filtering and multiplexing

Mapping

Connectors

Designing for failure

Backpressure and rate limiting

Poison events

Fault events

Resubmission

Optimizing throughput

Batch size

Asynchronous non-blocking I/O

Pipelines and multiplexing

Sharding

Batching and grouping

Observing throughput

Work metrics

Iterator age

Fault events

Accounting for regional failover

Protracted eventual consistency

Regional messaging channels

Summary

Chapter 5: Turning the Cloud into the Database

Escaping data's gravity

Competing demands

Insufficient capacity

Intractable volumes

Embracing data life cycle

Create phase

Use phase

Analyze phase

Archive phase

Turning the database inside out

The transaction log

Derived data

Dissecting the CQRS pattern

Systemwide CQRS

Materialized views

Inbound bulkheads

Live cache

Capacity per reader, per query

Keeping data lean

Projections

Time to live

Implementing idempotence and order tolerance

Deterministic identifiers

Inverse optimistic locking

Immutable event triggers

Modeling data for operational performance

Nodes, edges, and aggregates

Sharding and partition keys

Single table design examples

Leveraging change data capture

Database-first event sourcing

Soft deletes

Latching

Replicating across regions

Multi-master replication

Round-robin replication

Regional failover, protracted eventual consistency, and order tolerance

Observing resource metrics

Capacity

Throttling and errors

Performance

Redacting sensitive data

Envelope encryption

General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)

Summary

Chapter 6: A Best Friend for the Frontend

Focusing on user activities

A BFF service is responsible for a single user activity

A BFF service is owned by the frontend team

Decoupled, autonomous, and resilient

Dissecting the Backend for Frontend (BFF) pattern

Datastore

API Gateway

Query and command functions

Listener function

Trigger function

Models and connectors

Choosing between GraphQL and REST

REST

GraphQL

Implementing different kinds of BFF services

Task BFF services

Search BFF services

Action BFF services

Dashboard BFF services

Reporting BFF services

Archive BFF services

Securing a BFF in depth

The perimeter

Federated identity

In transit

JWT authorizer

JWT assertion

JWT filter

Last modified by

Least privilege

At rest

Leveraging multiple regions

Latency-based routing

Regional health checks

Regional failover

Observing BFF metrics

Work metrics

Throttling and concurrency limits

Optimizing BFF performance

Function memory allocation

Cold starts

Timeouts and retries

cache-control

Summary

Chapter 7: Bridging Intersystem Gaps

Creating an anti-corruption layer

Dissecting the External Service Gateway pattern

Connectivity

Semantic transformation

Action versus reaction

Egress

Ingress

Packaging

Separate cloud accounts

Integrating with third-party systems

Egress – API call

Ingress – webhook

Asynchronous request response

Integrating with other subsystems

Egress – upstream subsystem

Ingress – downstream subsystem

Integrating across cloud providers

Integrating with legacy systems

Ingress – Change Data Capture

Egress – Direct SQL

Egress – circuit breaker

Ingress – relay

Egress – relay

Providing an external API and SPI

Ingress – event

Ingress – command

Egress – webhook

Egress – query

Tackling common data challenges

Idempotence

Enriching data

Latching and cross-referencing

Slow data resync

Managing shared secrets

Securing secrets

Using API keys

Addressing multi-regional differences

Egress routing and failover

Ingress routing and failover

Summary

Chapter 8: Reacting to Events with More Events

Promoting inter-service collaboration

Dissecting the Control Service pattern

collect

correlate

collate

evaluate

emit

expire

Orchestrating business processes

Entry and exit events

Parallel execution

Employing the Saga pattern

Compensating transactions

Abort events

Calculating event-sourcing snapshots

What is ACID 2.0?

Snapshot events

Implementing CEP logic

Decision tables

Missing events

Leveraging ML for control flow

Models

Predictions

Implementing multi-regional cron jobs

Job records and events

Replication and idempotence

Summary

Section 3: Putting Everything in Motion

Chapter 9: Choreographing Deployment and Delivery

Optimizing testing for continuous deployment

Continuous discovery

Continuous testing

Focusing on risk mitigation

Small batch size

Decoupling deployment from release

Feature flags

Fail forward fast

Achieving zero-downtime deployments

The Robustness principle

Between the frontend and its backend

Between producers and consumers

Between the backend and its data store

Planning at multiple levels

Experiments

Story backlog

Task roadmaps

Turning the crank

Task branch workflow

Continuous integration pipeline

Continuous deployment pipeline

Feature flipping

Summary

Chapter 10: Don't Delay, Start Experimenting

Gaining trust and changing culture

Establishing a vision

Building momentum

Constructing an architectural runway

Seed and split

Funding products, not projects

Architecture-driven

Team capacity-driven

Dissecting the Strangler pattern

Event-first migration

Micro frontend – headless mode

Retirement

Addressing event-first concerns

System of record versus source of truth

Duplicate data is good

Avoid false reuse

Poly everything

Polyglot programming

Polyglot persistence

Polycloud

Summary

Other Books You May Enjoy

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Key benefits

  • Learn best practices for designing enterprise-grade software systems from a seasoned CTO
  • Deeper your understanding of system reliability, maintainability, and scalability
  • Elevate your skills to a professional level by learning the most effective software design patterns and architectural concepts

Description

As businesses are undergoing a digital transformation to keep up with competition, it is now more important than ever for IT professionals to design systems to keep up with the rate of change while maintaining stability. This book takes you through the architectural patterns that power enterprise-grade software systems and the key architectural elements that enable change (such as events, autonomous services, and micro frontends), along with showing you how to implement and operate anti-fragile systems. First, you’ll divide up a system and define boundaries so that your teams can work autonomously and accelerate innovation. You’ll cover low-level event and data patterns that support the entire architecture, while getting up and running with the different autonomous service design patterns. Next, the book will focus on best practices for security, reliability, testability, observability, and performance. You’ll combine all that you've learned and build upon that foundation, exploring the methodologies of continuous experimentation, deployment, and delivery before delving into some final thoughts on how to start making progress. By the end of this book, you'll be able to architect your own event-driven, serverless systems that are ready to adapt and change so that you can deliver value at the pace needed by your business.

Who is this book for?

This book is for software architects who want to learn more about different software design patterns and best practices. This isn’t a beginner’s manual – you’ll need an intermediate level of programming proficiency and software design to get started. You’ll get the most out of this software design book if you already know the basics of the cloud, but it isn’t a prerequisite.

What you will learn

  • Explore architectural patterns to create anti-fragile systems that thrive with change
  • Focus on DevOps practices that empower self-sufficient, full-stack teams
  • Build enterprise-scale serverless systems
  • Apply microservices principles to the frontend
  • Discover how SOLID principles apply to software and database architecture
  • Create event stream processors that power the event sourcing and CQRS pattern
  • Deploy a multi-regional system, including regional health checks, latency-based routing, and replication
  • Explore the Strangler pattern for migrating legacy systems

Product Details

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Publication date : Jul 30, 2021
Length: 436 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781800207035
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Length: 436 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
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Table of Contents

17 Chapters
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janders Jul 18, 2022
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
I read this book once. Learned a ton. Re-read it again and realized all the things I missed the first go-around. I miss having physical technology books around. This one was definitely worth buying a physical copy of. I particularly enjoyed learning patterns around change data capture mechanisms and how to leverage them in event-based architectures.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Daren May Aug 20, 2021
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
The objective of this book is to take the reader on a journey that culminates in the ability to architect event-driven serverless systems. The book delivers 10 chapters of content that establishes foundations and build on them. This approach, along with solution templates provided via a GitHub repo, ensure that this book achieves the objective. To gain the most from the book, the reader should work through the examples to get hands-on with the patterns introduced and revisit the content to reinforce the patterns learned. Although the templates provided target AWS, the equivalent Azure services are discussed throughout the book and, with some effort, the reader can create the equivalent architecture using Azure.The book is broken into 3 sections.1. Establishing the architectural visionThe first 2 chapters focus on defining and solving the problems that more traditional architectures suffer when moved to the cloud. Chapter 1 focuses on how to conceptualize an alternative high-level architectural approach more suitable for working in dynamic environments, Chapter 2 continues the thread on how new ways of thinking are required to support applications that not only run at scale, but are also built and maintained by large autonomous teams.The content focusing on SOLID principles I found to be especially useful.2. Dissecting the Software Architecture patternsChapters 3 through 8 focus on specific aspects of an architecture that focuses on events, autonomous services and micro front-ends. Each chapter discusses the problem at hand, approaches to solving it, the associated patterns and one or more AWS templates that implement solutions. I found it useful to revisit each chapter as necessary to reinforce the separation of concerns that the patterns are establishing:* Chapter 3 discusses the presentation tier and how utilizing micro frontends can assist in decoupling monolithic frontend apps.* Chapters 4 and 5 discuss facts and eventual consistency, and how to use the cloud as database by utilizing the Command Query Responsibility Segregation (CQRS) and Change Data Capture (CDC) patterns to fortify the boundaries of autonomous services.* Chapters 6 and 7 focus on boundary service patterns specifically such as the Backend for Frontend (BFF) pattern to support end-user activities and micro apps, and how to bridge intersystem gaps with the External Service Gateway pattern.* Chapter 8 focuses on inter-service collaborations using the Control Service pattern.3. Putting everything in motionThis section brings things together so that teams can start experimenting.* Chapter 9 turns to the challenge of decoupling autonomous teams so that each team can deploy and deliver with zero downtime.* Chapter 10 closes things out with approaches on how to get started.By the end of this book, I felt like I had a much better grasp of the pattern available for building this style of enterprise architecture.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
A Resourceful Mom Feb 06, 2023
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
I expect to not find anything new in books like this, but I loved it! This book does a great job of reviewing concepts I already know, while introducing additional architecture patterns that expand on what I already have done in the past.This book really helps you create a productive operations model and increases your efficiency.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Sunster Jul 30, 2021
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
In his book, Software Architecture Patterns for Serverless Systems, John Gilbert provides excellent patterns which designers can apply across Frontends, Backends, Infrastructure, as well as within inter-team communications. For Chapter 1, there is an overview of Software Lifecycle Development (SDLC) and how business value can be delivered through software. Gilbert describes how, in fluid environments of changing requirements, the cloud and lean methodologies allow for better reaction times. In addition, Infrastructure and application architectures, when prescribed for innovation, can enable change in design and delivery more efficiently. This can be evidenced with Infrastructure-as-code (IAC), smaller deployment releases, and continuous QA testing efforts. Chapter 2 describes how software components can be disciplined into defined boundaries, allowing modules to be more focused in scope and function. This principle, combined with extensibility and subtype replaceability, allows systems to evolve more easily over time. The ultimate goal, as Gilbert explains, is to allow independent changes to modules without breaking the application. Chapter 3 discusses patterns specific to the Frontend which can help teams to make modular, anonymous changes for evolving business needs. Central to these patterns is the concept of decomposing frontend components into "micro-apps", each with distinct functions, making deployments easier with more independent modules. Gilbert describes products which can support this concept including Jamstack and others. Chapter 4 delves into the world of asynchronous, inter-service communication patterns among loosely coupled systems and how to use such patterns to ensure data consistency across components. Gilbert describes how each component can act as an "event hub" which polices upstream and downstream consumers and producers. Complimentary to the event hub are the event lake and event sourcing patterns, which help to support the Command, Publish, Consume, Query (CPCQ) flow. Code snippets are intertwined with each pattern to provide a technical view of these patterns as well. To combat the problem of growing data, Gilbert explains, in Chapter 5, how the automous service functions can fit into one of the Data life cycle phases. By identifying the appropriate phase, services can help to address duplicity and demand for data across the entire system. The chapter helps to address caching issues as well. He also describes different approaches for sharding data to support more concurrent requests. Gilbert builds up to an entire chapter, Chapter 6, on Backend for Frontend (BFF) pattern, integral to creating Frontend boundary services for user activity. He describes the who is responsible for implementing the BFF pattern and how this pattern assists in removing inter-service dependencies by acting independent from other resources. Using CORS, the Frontend can access the Backend via the API Gateway and subsequent listener functions. On the topic of security, Gilbert outlines several steps to be taken in making BFF more secure against DDoS and Authorization attacks, to name a few. Taking to the macro-level, Gilbert explains, in Chapter 7, an anti-corruption layer for protecting egress and ingress traffic between systems to ensure protection against third-parties and external systems. Chapter 8 explores control services for mediating between boundary services. There is a background explanation of the differences between orchestration and choreography, assisting the reader to better understand how control services work in this space. In order to roll all of these patterns together, Gilbert describes changing testing practices from a one-time effort into a continuous process of discovery in Chapter 9. This process seeks to discover the right solution through feedback loops, KPIs, and MTTR, as opposed to testing that the right solution is build. In culmination, Chapter 10 describes how to begin the entire process of micro-app frontends, autonomous services, and other patterns introduced throughout the book. If you are an application architect, AWS designer, or need patterns to follow for Frontends or Backends, this book is an excellent resource which also includes code snippets to show possible implementation ideas to follow.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Tiny Sep 22, 2021
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
John Gilbert takes see, learn, and do, to another level with this work. From conceptual understand to building the configuration code, this work covers it all. If you are looking for an advanced work to transition systems to a serverless architecture, this is the book for you.The first couple chapters cover the conceptual understanding, building on his background as a CTO with 30+ years of experience to explain why you should move to serverless, and the logical underpinning to that approach. The next section continues the same approach with building out basic serverless setups but adds the underpinning configuration supporting with Node.js, cloud examples, and numerous GitHub templates. Finally, the work delves into all the problems with implementing your system, fixing problems and continuing improvement. Each section has carefully labelled elements to find what you needFrom a DevOps perspective, Chapter 9 is exceptional. John works through how to get to zero-downtime with sequential deployments, planning your approach with the team, learning through experimentation, and managing your backlog. Chapter 10 follows this with a dissected approach to experimentation, highlighting how certain experiments can accelerate your transition by identifying critical points in the transition. The insight on source of record versus source of truth, as well as the need for polyglot programming is indispensable.If I had one gripe, it would be the book references back and forth across the text frequently. While this can be good in small amounts, it seems like every page was a mention to you will see this in Chapter X, or refer back to Chapter X for that discussion. The conceptual writing makes a lot of these areas extraneous, and probably could have been left out.Overall, a great work, designed for experienced folks who are looking for detailed knowledge on constructing a serverless architecture.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
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