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TensorFlow Machine Learning Projects
TensorFlow Machine Learning Projects

TensorFlow Machine Learning Projects: Build 13 real-world projects with advanced numerical computations using the Python ecosystem

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TensorFlow Machine Learning Projects

Using Machine Learning to Detect Exoplanets in Outer Space

In this chapter, we shall learn how to detect exoplanets in outer space using ensemble methods that are based on decision trees.

Decision trees are a family of non-parametric supervised learning methods. In a decision tree algorithm, the data is divided into two partitions by using a simple rule. The rule is applied again and again to further partition the data, thus forming a tree of decisions.

Ensemble methods combine the learning from multiple learning algorithms to improve predictions and reduce errors. These ensembles are differentiated on the basis of what kind of learners they use and how they structure those learns in the ensemble.

The two most popular ensemble methods based on decision trees are known as gradient boosted trees and random forests. 

The following topics will be covered in this chapter:

  • What...

What is a decision tree?

Decision trees are a family of non-parametric supervised learning methods. In the decision tree algorithm, we start with the complete dataset and split it into two partitions based on a simple rule. The splitting continues until a specified criterion is met. The nodes at which the split is made are called interior nodes and the final endpoints are called terminal or leaf nodes.

As an example, let us look at the following tree:

Here, we are assuming that the exoplanet data has only two properties: flux.1 and flux.2. First, we make a decision if flux.1 > 400 and then divide the data into two partitions. Then we divide the data again based on flux.2 feature, and that division decides whether the planet is an exoplanet or not. How did we decide that condition flux.1 > 400? We did not. This was just to demonstrate a decision...

Why do we need ensembles?

Decision trees are prone to overfitting training data and suffer from high variance, thus, providing poor predictions from new unseen data. However, using an ensemble of decision trees helps alleviate the shortcoming of using a single decision tree model. In an ensemble, many weak learners come together to create a strong learner.

Among the many ways that we can combine decision trees to make ensembles, the two methods that have been popular due to their performance for predictive modeling are:

  • Gradient boosting (also known as gradient tree boosting)
  • Random decision trees (also known as random forests)

Decision tree-based ensemble methods

In this section let us explore briefly two kinds of ensemble methods for decision trees: random forests and gradient boosting.

Random forests

Random forests is a technique where you construct multiple trees, and then use those trees to learn the classification and regression models, but the results are aggregated from the trees to produce a final result.

Random forests are an ensemble of random, uncorrelated, and fully-grown decision trees. The decision trees used in the random forest model are fully grown, thus, having low bias and high variance. The trees are uncorrelated in nature, which results in a maximum decrease in the variance. By uncorrelated...

Decision tree-based ensembles in TensorFlow

In this chapter, we shall use the gradient boosted trees and random forest implementation as pre-made estimators in TensorFlow from the Google TensorFlow team. Let us learn the details of their implementation in the upcoming sections.

TensorForest Estimator

TensorForest is a highly scalable implementation of random forests built by combining a variety of online HoeffdingTree algorithms with the extremely randomized approach.

Google published the details of the TensorForest implementation in the following paper: TensorForest: Scalable Random Forests on TensorFlow by Thomas Colthurst, D. Sculley, Gibert Hendry, Zack Nado, presented at Machine Learning...

Detecting exoplanets in outer space

For the project explained in this chapter, we use the Kepler labeled time series data from Kaggle: https://www.kaggle.com/keplersmachines/kepler-labelled-time-series-data/home. This dataset is derived mainly from the Campaign 3 observations of the mission by NASA's Kepler space telescope.

In the dataset, column 1 values are the labels and columns 2 to 3198 values are the flux values over time. The training set has 5087 data points, 37 confirmed exoplanets, and 5050 non-exoplanet stars. The test set has 570 data points, 5 confirmed exoplanets, and 565 non-exoplanet stars.

We will carry out the following steps to download, and then preprocess our data to create the train and test datasets: 

  1. Download the dataset using the Kaggle API. The following code will be used for the same:
armando@librenix:~/datasets/kaggle...

Building a TFBT model for exoplanet detection

In this section, we shall build the gradient boosted trees model for detecting exoplanets using the Kepler dataset. Let us follow these steps in the Jupyter Notebook to build and train the exoplanet finder model:

  1. We will save the names of all the features in a vector with the following code:
numeric_column_headers = x_train.columns.values.tolist()
  1. We will then bucketize the feature columns into two buckets around the mean since the TFBT estimator only takes bucketed features with the following code:
bc_fn = tf.feature_column.bucketized_column
nc_fn = tf.feature_column.numeric_column
bucketized_features = [bc_fn(source_column=nc_fn(key=column),
boundaries=[x_train[column].mean()])
for column in numeric_column_headers]
  1. Since we only have numeric bucketized features and no...

Summary

In this chapter, we learned what a decision tree is and two broad classes of creating ensembles from the decision trees. The ensembles we took a look at were random forests and gradient boosting trees.

We also learned about the Kepler dataset from Kaggle competitions. We used the Kepler dataset to build an exoplanet detection model using TensorFlow's prebuilt estimator for gradient boosting trees known as the BoostedTreesClassifier. The BoostedTreesClassifier estimator is part of the machine learning toolkit recently released by the TensorFlow team. As for now, the TensorFlow team is working on releasing prebuilt estimators based on support vector machine (SVM) and extreme random forests as part of the tf.estimators API.

In the next chapter, we shall learn how to use TensorFlow in the browser using the TensorFlow.js API for sentiment analysis.

...

What is a decision tree?


Decision trees are a family of non-parametric supervised learning methods. In the decision tree algorithm, we start with the complete dataset and split it into two partitions based on a simple rule. The splitting continues until a specified criterion is met. The nodes at which the split is made are called interior nodes and the final endpoints are called terminal or leaf nodes.

As an example, let us look at the following tree:

Here, we are assuming that the exoplanet data has only two properties: flux.1 and flux.2. First, we make a decision if flux.1 > 400 and then divide the data into two partitions. Then we divide the data again based on flux.2 feature, and that division decides whether the planet is an exoplanet or not. How did we decide that condition flux.1 > 400? We did not. This was just to demonstrate a decision tree. During the training phase, that's what the model learns – the parameters of conditions that divide the data into partitions.

For classification...

Why do we need ensembles?


Decision trees are prone to overfitting training data and suffer from high variance, thus, providing poor predictions from new unseen data. However, using an ensemble of decision trees helps alleviate the shortcoming of using a single decision tree model. In an ensemble, many weak learners come together to create a strong learner.

Among the many ways that we can combine decision trees to make ensembles, the two methods that have been popular due to their performance for predictive modeling are:

  • Gradient boosting (also known as gradient tree boosting)
  • Random decision trees (also known as random forests)
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Key benefits

  • Use machine learning and deep learning principles to build real-world projects
  • Get to grips with TensorFlow's impressive range of module offerings
  • Implement projects on GANs, reinforcement learning, and capsule network

Description

TensorFlow has transformed the way machine learning is perceived. TensorFlow Machine Learning Projects teaches you how to exploit the benefits—simplicity, efficiency, and flexibility—of using TensorFlow in various real-world projects. With the help of this book, you’ll not only learn how to build advanced projects using different datasets but also be able to tackle common challenges using a range of libraries from the TensorFlow ecosystem. To start with, you’ll get to grips with using TensorFlow for machine learning projects; you’ll explore a wide range of projects using TensorForest and TensorBoard for detecting exoplanets, TensorFlow.js for sentiment analysis, and TensorFlow Lite for digit classification. As you make your way through the book, you’ll build projects in various real-world domains, incorporating natural language processing (NLP), the Gaussian process, autoencoders, recommender systems, and Bayesian neural networks, along with trending areas such as Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), capsule networks, and reinforcement learning. You’ll learn how to use the TensorFlow on Spark API and GPU-accelerated computing with TensorFlow to detect objects, followed by how to train and develop a recurrent neural network (RNN) model to generate book scripts. By the end of this book, you’ll have gained the required expertise to build full-fledged machine learning projects at work.

Who is this book for?

TensorFlow Machine Learning Projects is for you if you are a data analyst, data scientist, machine learning professional, or deep learning enthusiast with basic knowledge of TensorFlow. This book is also for you if you want to build end-to-end projects in the machine learning domain using supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning techniques

What you will learn

  • Understand the TensorFlow ecosystem using various datasets and techniques
  • Create recommendation systems for quality product recommendations
  • Build projects using CNNs, NLP, and Bayesian neural networks
  • Play Pac-Man using deep reinforcement learning
  • Deploy scalable TensorFlow-based machine learning systems
  • Generate your own book script using RNNs
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Table of Contents

16 Chapters
Overview of TensorFlow and Machine Learning Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Using Machine Learning to Detect Exoplanets in Outer Space Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Sentiment Analysis in Your Browser Using TensorFlow.js Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Digit Classification Using TensorFlow Lite Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Speech to Text and Topic Extraction Using NLP Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Predicting Stock Prices using Gaussian Process Regression Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Credit Card Fraud Detection using Autoencoders Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Generating Uncertainty in Traffic Signs Classifier Using Bayesian Neural Networks Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Generating Matching Shoe Bags from Shoe Images Using DiscoGANs Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Classifying Clothing Images using Capsule Networks Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Making Quality Product Recommendations Using TensorFlow Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Object Detection at a Large Scale with TensorFlow Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Generating Book Scripts Using LSTMs Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Playing Pacman Using Deep Reinforcement Learning Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
What is Next? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Other Books You May Enjoy Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

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P11snehap Dec 27, 2018
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A must read for anyone looking to get their hands dirty with Tensorflow. This book is practical, succinct and easy to understand. I definitely recommend this to all the M/L enthusiasts who are keen to jump into application oriented learning!
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Amazon Customer Dec 28, 2018
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Concepts are explained in a very clear and intuitive manner. Book is easy to follow and very hands on. I highly recommend this book to anyone looking to use TensorFlow for ML applications.
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Ajay Pathak Feb 08, 2019
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There are lots of talk about Tensorflow and I was looking for a book which can explain the concepts and framework in a simplified way. As an AI/ML learner, I found this book is very helpful and able to adapt the Tensorflow for my current project in a faster way. This is an excellent book for the one who wants to learn Tensorflow even without any background.
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Divya Jan 23, 2019
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Loved the projects oriented approach of this book. Google tutorials only teach about Tensorflow functions but this book really helped me to build practical projects using Tensorflow without steep learning curve. Most of the chapters follow step by step approach on building the project.Another thing I liked is that this book doesn't get into all the mathematical details which is great if your motive is to quickly get going with using Tensorflow in applied settings.
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AnirbaN Jul 27, 2019
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Excellant
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