Managing your backlog

The backlog is a prioritized set of work items that identify work to be done. There are generally two such backlogs. The project backlog is a prioritized list of all work to be done in the current project. A subset of these is selected for the current increment, forming the iteration backlog. Since engineers usually work on the tasks relevant to the current iteration, that is where they will go to get their tasks. Figure 1.3 shows the basic idea of backlogs:

Figure 1.3: Backlogs

The work to be done, nominally referred to as work items, is identified. Work items can be application work items (producing work that will be directly delivered) or technical work items (doing work that enables technical aspects of the product or project). Work items identify work to do such as:

• Analyzing, designing, or implementing an epic, use case, or user story, to ensure a solid understanding of the need and the adequacy of its requirements
• Creating or modifying a work product, such as a requirements specification or a safety analysis
• Arranging for an outcome, such as certification approval
• Addressing a risk, such as determining the adequacy of the bus bandwidth
• Removing an identified defect
• Supporting a target platform, such as an increment with hand-built mechanical parts, lab-constructed wire wrap boards, and partial software

The work items go through an acceptance process, and if approved, are put into the project backlog. Once there, they can be allocated to an iteration backlog.

Purpose

The purpose of managing your backlog is to provide clear direction for the engineering activities, to push the project forward in a coherent, collaborative way.

Inputs and preconditions

The inputs are the work items. The functionality-based work items originate with one or more stakeholders, but other work items might come from discovery, planning, or analysis.

Outputs and postconditions

The primary outputs are the managed project and iteration backlogs. Each backlog consists of a set of work items around a common purpose, or mission. The mission of an iteration is the set of work products and outcomes desired at the end of the iteration. An iteration mission is defined as shown in Figure 1.4:

Figure 1.4: Iteration mission

In a modeling tool, this information can be captured as metadata associated with tags.

The term “metadata” literally means “data about data”; in this context, we add metadata to elements using tags.

How to do it

There are two workflows to this recipe. The first, shown in Figure 1.5, adds a work item to the backlog. The second, shown in Figure 1.6, removes it:

Figure 1.5: Add work item

Figure 1.6: Resolve work item

Create a workflow item

From the work to be done, a work item is created to put into the backlog. The work item should include the properties shown in Figure 1.7:

Figure 1.7: Work item

• Name.
• Description of the work to be done, the work product to be created, or the risk to be addressed.
• The acceptance criteria – how the adequacy of the work performed, the work product created, or the outcome produced will be determined.
• The work item classification identifies the kind of work item it is, as shown on the left side of Figure 1.3.
• The work item’s priority is an indication of how soon this work item should be addressed. This is discussed in the Prioritize work item step of this recipe.
• The estimated effort is how much effort it will take to perform the task. This can be stated in absolute terms (such as hours) or relative terms (such as user story points). This topic is addressed in the Estimating effort recipe later in this chapter.
• Links to important related information, such as standards that must be met, or sources of information that will be helpful for the performance of the work.

Approve work item

Before a work item can be added, it should be approved by the team or the project leader, whoever is granted that responsibility.

Prioritize work item

The priority of a work item determines in what iteration the work will be performed. Priority is determined by a number of factors, including the work item’s criticality (how important it is), its urgency (when it is needed), the availability of specialized resources needed to perform it, usefulness to the mission of the iteration, and risk. The general rule is that high-priority tasks are performed before lower-priority tasks. This topic is covered in the Work item prioritization recipe later in this chapter.

Estimate effort

An initial estimate of the cost of addressing the work item is important because as work items are allocated to iterations, the overall effort budget must be balanced. If the effort to address a work item is too high, it may not be possible to complete it in the iteration with all of its other work items. The agile practice of work item estimation is covered in the Estimating effort recipe later in this chapter.

Place work item in project backlog

Once approved and characterized, the work item can then be put into the project backlog. The backlog is priority-ordered so that higher-priority work items are “on top” and lower-priority work items are “below”.

Allocate work item to iteration backlog

Initial planning includes the definition of a planned set of iterations, each of which has a mission, as defined above. Consistent with that mission, work items are then allocated to the planned iterations. Of course, this plan is volatile, and later work or information can cause replanning and a reallocation of work items to iterations. Iteration planning is the topic of the recIteration plan recipe later in this chapter.

In the second work flow of this recipe, the work is actually being done. Of relevance here is how the completion of the work affects the backlog (Figure 1.6).

Perform work item

This action is where the team member actually performs the work to address the work item, whether it is to analyze a use case, create a bit of architecture, or perform a safety analysis.

Review work performed

The output and/or outcome of the work item is evaluated with respect to its acceptance criteria and is accepted or rejected on that basis.

Reject work performed

If the output and/or outcome does not meet the acceptance criteria, the work is rejected and the work item remains on the backlog.

Remove resolved work item

If the output and/or outcome does meet the acceptance criteria, the work is accepted and the work item is removed from the project and iteration to-do backlog. This usually means that it is moved to a “to-done” backlog, so that there is a history of the work performed.

Review backlog

It is important that as work progresses, the backlog is maintained. Often, valuable information is discovered that affects work item effort, priority, or value during project work. When this occurs, other affected work items must be reassessed and their location within the backlogs may be adjusted.

Reorganize backlog

Based on the review of the work items in the backlog, the set of work items, and their prioritized positions within those backlogs, may require adjustment.

Example

Consider a couple of use cases for the sample problem, the Pegasus Bike Trainer summarized in Appendix A (see Figure 1.8):

Figure 1.8: Example user case work items in backlog

You can also show at least high-level backlog allocation to an iteration on a use case diagram, as shown in Figure 1.9. You may, of course, manage backlogs in generic agile tools such as Rational Team Concert, Jira, or even with Post-It notes:

Figure 1.9: Use case diagram for iteration backlog

Let’s apply the workflow shown in Figure 1.5 to add the use cases and user stories from Figure 1.8 and Figure 1.9.

Create work item

In Figure 1.8 and Figure 1.9, we see a total of seven use cases and eight user stories. For our purpose, we will just represent the use case data in tabular form and will concentrate only on the two use cases and their contained user stories from Figure 1.9. The description of the user stories is provided in the canonical form of a user story (see the chapter introduction in Chapter 2, System Specification: Functional, Safety, and Security Analysis for more details).

Figure 1.10: Initial work item list

For the work item list, I created a stereotype work item that has the tag definitions shown as columns in the table and then applied it to the use cases and user stories.

Approve work item

Figure 1.11: Working with the team and the stakeholders, we get approval for the work items in

As we get approval, we marked the Approved column in the table.

Prioritize work item

Using the techniques from the Work item prioritization recipe later in this chapter, we add the priorities to the work items.

Estimate effort

Using the techniques from the Estimating effort recipe later in this chapter, we add the estimated effort to the work items.

Our final set of work items from this effort is shown in Table 1.1:

Name	OK	Description	Acceptance	Classification	Priority	Effort	Iteration	Related
Setup bike fit		Enable rider to adjust bike fit prior to ride	Standard riders* can replicate their road bike fit on the Pegasus.	Use Case	4.38	13		*Standard riders include five riders of heights 60, 65, 70, 75, and 76 inches.
Adjust handlebar reach		As a rider, I want to replicate the handlebar reach on my fitted road bike.	Standard riders* can replicate their handlebar reach from their fitted road bikes.	User Story	3.33	3
Adjust handlebar height		As a rider, I want to replicate the handlebar height on my fitted road bike.	Standard riders* can replicate their handlebar height from their fitted road bikes.	User Story	4.33	3
Adjust seat reach		As a rider, I want to replicate the seat reach on my fitted road bike.	Standard riders* can replicate their seat reach from their fitted road bikes.	User Story	11.67	3
Adjust seat height		As a rider, I want to replicate the seat height on my fitted road bike.	Standard riders* can replicate their seat height from their fitted road bikes.	User Story	13.33	3
Select crank length		As a rider, I want to replicate the crank arm length on my road bike.	Support crank lengths of 165, 167.5, 170, 172.5, and 175 mm.	User Story	1.2	1
Control resistance		Control the resistance to pedaling in a steady and well-controlled fashion within the limits of normal terrain road riding.	Replicate pedal resistance to within 1% of measured pedal torque under the standard ride set*.	Use Case	2	115		*Standard ride set includes ride of all combination of rider weights (50, 75, and 100kg), inclines (-10, 0, 5, 10, and 20%) and cadences (50, 70, 80, 90, and 110).
Provide basic resistance		As a rider, I want basic resistance provided to the pedals so I can get a workout with an on-road feel in Resistance Mode.	Control resistance by setting the pedal resistance to 0–2000W in 50-watt increments for the standard ride set.*	User Story	1.42	55
Set resistance under user control		As a rider, I want to set the resistance level provided to the pedals to increase or decrease the effort for a given gearing, cadence, and incline.	Control resistance via user input by manually setting incline, gearing, and cadence for the standard ride set.*	User Story	1.00	21
Set resistance under external control		As a rider, I want the external training app to set the resistance to follow the app’s workout protocol to get the desired workout.	Control resistance via app control, manually setting incline, gearing, and allow the user to supply cadence for the standard ride set.*	User Story	0.30	39

Table 1.1: Final work item list

Place WI in project backlog

As we complete the effort, we put all the approved work items into the project backlog, along with other previously identified use cases, user stories, technical work items, and spikes. The backlog can be managed within the modeling tool, but usually external tools – such as Jira or Team Concert – are used.

Allocate WI to iteration backlog

Using the technique from the Iteration plan recipe later in this chapter, we put relevant work items from the project backlog into the backlog for the upcoming iteration. In Table 1.1, this would be done by filling in the Iteration column with the number of the iteration in which the work item is performed.

With regard to the second workflow from Figure 1.6, we can illustrate how the workflow might unfold as we perform the work in the current iteration.

Perform work item

As we work in the iterations, we detail the requirements, and create and implement the technical design. For example, we might perform the mechanical design of the handlebar reach adjust or the delivery of basic resistance to the pedals with an electric motor.

Review work performed

As the work on the use case and user stories completes, we apply the acceptance criteria via verification testing and validation. In the example we are considering, for the set of riders of heights 60, 65, 60, 75, and 76 inches, we would measure the handlebar height from their fitted road bikes and ensure that all these conditions can be replicated on the bike. For the Provide Basic Resistance user story, we would verify that we can create a pedal resistance of [0, 50, 100, 150, … 2000] watts of resistance at pedal cadences of 50, 70, 80, 90, and 110 RPM ± 1%.