Search icon CANCEL
Arrow left icon
Explore Products
Best Sellers
New Releases
Books
Videos
Audiobooks
Learning Hub
Conferences
Free Learning
Arrow right icon
Smart Internet of Things Projects
Smart Internet of Things Projects

Smart Internet of Things Projects: Discover how to build your own smart Internet of Things projects and bring a new degree of interconnectivity to your world

eBook
€17.99 €26.99
Paperback
€32.99
Subscription
Free Trial
Renews at €18.99p/m

What do you get with Print?

Product feature icon Instant access to your digital eBook copy whilst your Print order is Shipped
Product feature icon Paperback book shipped to your preferred address
Product feature icon Download this book in EPUB and PDF formats
Product feature icon Access this title in our online reader with advanced features
Product feature icon DRM FREE - Read whenever, wherever and however you want
Table of content icon View table of contents Preview book icon Preview Book

Smart Internet of Things Projects

Chapter 2. Decision System for IoT Projects

If we feel a cold, then we use a jacket. When we are hungry, we decide to eat. These decisions can be made by us, but how does a machine make a decision? In this chapter, we learn how to build a decision system which can be implemented on IoT devices.

We explore the following topics:

  • Introduction to decision system and machine learning
  • Exploring Python libraries to build a decision system
  • Building a simple decision system-based Bayesian theory
  • Integrating a decision system and IoT project
  • Building your own decision system-based IoT

Introduction to decision system and machine learning

A decision system is a system that makes a decision based on several input parameters. A decision system is built on decision theories. Being human involves making decisions for almost life cases.

The following are examples of decisions that humans take:

  • Shall I buy the car today? The decision depends on my preferences. This car looks fine, but it is too expensive for me.
  • Shall I bring an umbrella today? This decision depends on the current condition in the area where we are staying. If it is cloudy, it's better to bring an umbrella even though it may not rain.

Generally speaking, we teach a machine such as a computer in order to understand and achieve a specific goal. This case is called machine learning. Varieties of programs are implemented in machines so they can make decisions.

Machine learning consists of various algorithms to build a decision system. In this book, I use fuzzy logic and Bayesian algorithms to make a decision system...

Decision system-based Bayesian

Bayesian uses the manipulation of conditional probabilities approach to interpret data. In this section, we build a decision system using the Bayesian method.

Consider D, called the decision space, which denotes the space of all possible decisions d that could be chosen by the decision maker (DM). Θ is the space of all possible outcomes or state of nature ω, ω∈Θ.

Decision system-based Bayesian is built by Bayesian theory. For illustration, I show a simple spam filter using Bayesian. Imagine the sample space X is the set of all possible datasets of words, from which a single dataset word x will result. For each ω∈Θ and x∈X, the sampling model P(ω) describes a belief that x would be the outcome of spam probability. P(x|ω), prior distribution, is the true population characteristics and supposes a spam probability for x.P(ω|x)., posterior distribution, describes a belief that ω is...

Decision system-based fuzzy logic

Consider you want to make a decision based on the current temperature, for instance, if the room's temperature is 30°C, then you turn on a cooler machine. Otherwise, if the room's temperature is 18°C, you turn on a heater machine.

This decision happens because we already defined exact values for turning on the machines. What's happening is that we say that we want to turn on the cooler machine if the room's temperature is hot. Furthermore, we also want to turn on the heater machine if the room's temperature is cold.

Cold and hot are two terms related to human linguistics. We should determine how cold and hot criteria are. A human differentiates the criteria for cold and hot, but how can a computer and machine know?

This problem can be solved using fuzzy logic. The idea of fuzzy logic was first introduced by Dr. Lotfi Zadeh from the University of California at Berkeley in the 1960s. The theory of fuzzy logic is developed with...

Python libraries for building a decision system

In this section, we explore some Python libraries to build our decision system. I focus on Bayesian and fuzzy logic models for implementing the decision system.

Bayesian

We can implement Bayesian probability using Python. For our demo, we generate output values from two independent variables, x1 and x2. The output model is defined as follows:

Bayesian

c is a random value. We define α, β1, β2, and σ as 0.5, 1, 2.5, and 0.5.

These independent variables are generated using a random object from the NumPy library. After that, we compute the model with these variables.

We can implement this case with the following scripts:

import matplotlib
matplotlib.use('Agg')

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# initialization
np.random.seed(100)
alpha, sigma = 0.5, 0.5
beta = [1, 2.5]
size = 100

# Predictor variable
X1 = np.random.randn(size)
X2 = np.random.randn(size) * 0.37

# Simulate outcome variable
Y = alpha + beta...

Introduction to decision system and machine learning


A decision system is a system that makes a decision based on several input parameters. A decision system is built on decision theories. Being human involves making decisions for almost life cases.

The following are examples of decisions that humans take:

  • Shall I buy the car today? The decision depends on my preferences. This car looks fine, but it is too expensive for me.

  • Shall I bring an umbrella today? This decision depends on the current condition in the area where we are staying. If it is cloudy, it's better to bring an umbrella even though it may not rain.

Generally speaking, we teach a machine such as a computer in order to understand and achieve a specific goal. This case is called machine learning. Varieties of programs are implemented in machines so they can make decisions.

Machine learning consists of various algorithms to build a decision system. In this book, I use fuzzy logic and Bayesian algorithms to make a decision system. I...

Decision system-based Bayesian


Bayesian uses the manipulation of conditional probabilities approach to interpret data. In this section, we build a decision system using the Bayesian method.

Consider D, called the decision space, which denotes the space of all possible decisions d that could be chosen by the decision maker (DM). Θ is the space of all possible outcomes or state of nature ω, ω∈Θ.

Decision system-based Bayesian is built by Bayesian theory. For illustration, I show a simple spam filter using Bayesian. Imagine the sample space X is the set of all possible datasets of words, from which a single dataset word x will result. For each ω∈Θ and x∈X, the sampling model P(ω) describes a belief that x would be the outcome of spam probability. P(x|ω), prior distribution, is the true population characteristics and supposes a spam probability for x.P(ω|x)., posterior distribution, describes a belief that ω is the true value of spam, having observed dataset x.

The posterior distribution is obtained...

Decision system-based fuzzy logic


Consider you want to make a decision based on the current temperature, for instance, if the room's temperature is 30°C, then you turn on a cooler machine. Otherwise, if the room's temperature is 18°C, you turn on a heater machine.

This decision happens because we already defined exact values for turning on the machines. What's happening is that we say that we want to turn on the cooler machine if the room's temperature is hot. Furthermore, we also want to turn on the heater machine if the room's temperature is cold.

Cold and hot are two terms related to human linguistics. We should determine how cold and hot criteria are. A human differentiates the criteria for cold and hot, but how can a computer and machine know?

This problem can be solved using fuzzy logic. The idea of fuzzy logic was first introduced by Dr. Lotfi Zadeh from the University of California at Berkeley in the 1960s. The theory of fuzzy logic is developed with fuzzy sets and memberships.

In general...

Python libraries for building a decision system


In this section, we explore some Python libraries to build our decision system. I focus on Bayesian and fuzzy logic models for implementing the decision system.

Bayesian

We can implement Bayesian probability using Python. For our demo, we generate output values from two independent variables, x1 and x2. The output model is defined as follows:

c is a random value. We define α, β1, β2, and σ as 0.5, 1, 2.5, and 0.5.

These independent variables are generated using a random object from the NumPy library. After that, we compute the model with these variables.

We can implement this case with the following scripts:

import matplotlib
matplotlib.use('Agg')

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# initialization
np.random.seed(100)
alpha, sigma = 0.5, 0.5
beta = [1, 2.5]
size = 100

# Predictor variable
X1 = np.random.randn(size)
X2 = np.random.randn(size) * 0.37

# Simulate outcome variable
Y = alpha + beta[0]*X1 + beta[1]*X2 + np.random.randn...

Building a simple decision system-based Bayesian theory


In this section, we build a simple decision system using Bayesian theory. A smart water system is a smart system that controls water. In general, you can see the system architecture in the following figure:

After using a sensing process on water to obtain the water quality, you can make a decision. If the water quality is good, we can transfer the water to customers. Otherwise, we purify the water.

To implement a decision system-based Bayesian theory, firstly we define the state of nature. In this case, we define two states of nature:

  • ω1: water is ready for drinking

  • ω2: water should be cleaned (kotor)

For inputs, we can declare x1 and x1 as negative and positive as the observation results.

We define prior values and class conditional probabilities as follows:

To build a decision, we should make a loss function The following is a loss function for our program:

Now you can write the complete scripts for the program.

# decision action
# d1 = distribute...
Left arrow icon Right arrow icon
Download code icon Download Code

Key benefits

  • Learn how to extract and analyse data from physical devices and build smart IoT projects
  • Master the skills of building enticing projects such as a neural network autonomous car, computer vision through a camera, and cloud-based IoT applications
  • This project-based guide leverages revolutionary computing chips such as Raspberry Pi, Arduino, and so on

Description

Internet of Things (IoT) is a groundbreaking technology that involves connecting numerous physical devices to the Internet and controlling them. Creating basic IoT projects is common, but imagine building smart IoT projects that can extract data from physical devices, thereby making decisions by themselves. Our book overcomes the challenge of analyzing data from physical devices and accomplishes all that your imagination can dream up by teaching you how to build smart IoT projects. Basic statistics and various applied algorithms in data science and machine learning are introduced to accelerate your knowledge of how to integrate a decision system into a physical device. This book contains IoT projects such as building a smart temperature controller, creating your own vision machine project, building an autonomous mobile robot car, controlling IoT projects through voice commands, building IoT applications utilizing cloud technology and data science, and many more. We will also leverage a small yet powerful IoT chip, Raspberry Pi with Arduino, in order to integrate a smart decision-making system in the IoT projects.

Who is this book for?

If you are hobbyist who is keen on making smart IoT projects, then this book is for you. You should have a basic knowledge of Python.

What you will learn

  • Implement data science in your IoT projects and build a smart temperature controller
  • Create a simple machine learning application and implement decision system concepts
  • Develop a vision machine using OpenCV
  • Build a robot car with manual and automatic control
  • Implement speech modules with your own voice commands for IoT projects
  • Connect IoT to a cloud-based server
Estimated delivery fee Deliver to Latvia

Premium delivery 7 - 10 business days

€25.95
(Includes tracking information)

Product Details

Country selected
Publication date, Length, Edition, Language, ISBN-13
Publication date : Sep 30, 2016
Length: 258 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781786466518
Category :
Languages :

What do you get with Print?

Product feature icon Instant access to your digital eBook copy whilst your Print order is Shipped
Product feature icon Paperback book shipped to your preferred address
Product feature icon Download this book in EPUB and PDF formats
Product feature icon Access this title in our online reader with advanced features
Product feature icon DRM FREE - Read whenever, wherever and however you want
Estimated delivery fee Deliver to Latvia

Premium delivery 7 - 10 business days

€25.95
(Includes tracking information)

Product Details

Publication date : Sep 30, 2016
Length: 258 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781786466518
Category :
Languages :

Packt Subscriptions

See our plans and pricing
Modal Close icon
€18.99 billed monthly
Feature tick icon Unlimited access to Packt's library of 7,000+ practical books and videos
Feature tick icon Constantly refreshed with 50+ new titles a month
Feature tick icon Exclusive Early access to books as they're written
Feature tick icon Solve problems while you work with advanced search and reference features
Feature tick icon Offline reading on the mobile app
Feature tick icon Simple pricing, no contract
€189.99 billed annually
Feature tick icon Unlimited access to Packt's library of 7,000+ practical books and videos
Feature tick icon Constantly refreshed with 50+ new titles a month
Feature tick icon Exclusive Early access to books as they're written
Feature tick icon Solve problems while you work with advanced search and reference features
Feature tick icon Offline reading on the mobile app
Feature tick icon Choose a DRM-free eBook or Video every month to keep
Feature tick icon PLUS own as many other DRM-free eBooks or Videos as you like for just €5 each
Feature tick icon Exclusive print discounts
€264.99 billed in 18 months
Feature tick icon Unlimited access to Packt's library of 7,000+ practical books and videos
Feature tick icon Constantly refreshed with 50+ new titles a month
Feature tick icon Exclusive Early access to books as they're written
Feature tick icon Solve problems while you work with advanced search and reference features
Feature tick icon Offline reading on the mobile app
Feature tick icon Choose a DRM-free eBook or Video every month to keep
Feature tick icon PLUS own as many other DRM-free eBooks or Videos as you like for just €5 each
Feature tick icon Exclusive print discounts

Frequently bought together


Stars icon
Total 111.97
Smart Internet of Things Projects
€32.99
Practical Internet of Things Security
€36.99
Internet of Things with Python
€41.99
Total 111.97 Stars icon

Table of Contents

7 Chapters
1. Making Your IoT Project Smart Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Decision System for IoT Projects Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Building Your Own Machine Vision Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Making Your Own Autonomous Car Robot Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Building Voice Technology on IoT Projects Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Building Data Science-based Cloud for IoT Projects Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

Rating distribution
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 3
(3 Ratings)
5 star 33.3%
4 star 0%
3 star 0%
2 star 66.7%
1 star 0%
ruben Feb 03, 2017
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Excellent book
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Anthony Oct 31, 2019
Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 2
Mostly, a cookbook - rather than really teaching concepts and explaining options, the focus here is on directions to wire hardware together, install and run software - fine as that, but as it becomes dated online sources are a better bet.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Venkatesh Deekonda Nov 15, 2018
Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 2
Buy this book only if you are comfortable with technical terms related to IoT boards. No indepth explanation of concepts, lots of links provided for additional information, why would I buy your book when I can access the links? Poorly edited, one of the low quality books from packt.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Get free access to Packt library with over 7500+ books and video courses for 7 days!
Start Free Trial

FAQs

What is the delivery time and cost of print book? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela
What is custom duty/charge? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customs duty are charges levied on goods when they cross international borders. It is a tax that is imposed on imported goods. These duties are charged by special authorities and bodies created by local governments and are meant to protect local industries, economies, and businesses.

Do I have to pay customs charges for the print book order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The orders shipped to the countries that are listed under EU27 will not bear custom charges. They are paid by Packt as part of the order.

List of EU27 countries: www.gov.uk/eu-eea:

A custom duty or localized taxes may be applicable on the shipment and would be charged by the recipient country outside of the EU27 which should be paid by the customer and these duties are not included in the shipping charges been charged on the order.

How do I know my custom duty charges? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The amount of duty payable varies greatly depending on the imported goods, the country of origin and several other factors like the total invoice amount or dimensions like weight, and other such criteria applicable in your country.

For example:

  • If you live in Mexico, and the declared value of your ordered items is over $ 50, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 19% which will be $ 9.50 to the courier service.
  • Whereas if you live in Turkey, and the declared value of your ordered items is over € 22, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 18% which will be € 3.96 to the courier service.
How can I cancel my order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Cancellation Policy for Published Printed Books:

You can cancel any order within 1 hour of placing the order. Simply contact customercare@packt.com with your order details or payment transaction id. If your order has already started the shipment process, we will do our best to stop it. However, if it is already on the way to you then when you receive it, you can contact us at customercare@packt.com using the returns and refund process.

Please understand that Packt Publishing cannot provide refunds or cancel any order except for the cases described in our Return Policy (i.e. Packt Publishing agrees to replace your printed book because it arrives damaged or material defect in book), Packt Publishing will not accept returns.

What is your returns and refunds policy? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Return Policy:

We want you to be happy with your purchase from Packtpub.com. We will not hassle you with returning print books to us. If the print book you receive from us is incorrect, damaged, doesn't work or is unacceptably late, please contact Customer Relations Team on customercare@packt.com with the order number and issue details as explained below:

  1. If you ordered (eBook, Video or Print Book) incorrectly or accidentally, please contact Customer Relations Team on customercare@packt.com within one hour of placing the order and we will replace/refund you the item cost.
  2. Sadly, if your eBook or Video file is faulty or a fault occurs during the eBook or Video being made available to you, i.e. during download then you should contact Customer Relations Team within 14 days of purchase on customercare@packt.com who will be able to resolve this issue for you.
  3. You will have a choice of replacement or refund of the problem items.(damaged, defective or incorrect)
  4. Once Customer Care Team confirms that you will be refunded, you should receive the refund within 10 to 12 working days.
  5. If you are only requesting a refund of one book from a multiple order, then we will refund you the appropriate single item.
  6. Where the items were shipped under a free shipping offer, there will be no shipping costs to refund.

On the off chance your printed book arrives damaged, with book material defect, contact our Customer Relation Team on customercare@packt.com within 14 days of receipt of the book with appropriate evidence of damage and we will work with you to secure a replacement copy, if necessary. Please note that each printed book you order from us is individually made by Packt's professional book-printing partner which is on a print-on-demand basis.

What tax is charged? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Currently, no tax is charged on the purchase of any print book (subject to change based on the laws and regulations). A localized VAT fee is charged only to our European and UK customers on eBooks, Video and subscriptions that they buy. GST is charged to Indian customers for eBooks and video purchases.

What payment methods can I use? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

You can pay with the following card types:

  1. Visa Debit
  2. Visa Credit
  3. MasterCard
  4. PayPal
What is the delivery time and cost of print books? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela