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Machine Learning for the Web
Machine Learning for the Web

Machine Learning for the Web: Gaining insight and intelligence from the internet with Python

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Machine Learning for the Web

Chapter 2. Unsupervised Machine Learning

As we have seen in the Chapter 1, Introduction to Practical Machine Learning Using Python, unsupervised learning is designed to provide insightful information on data unlabeled date. In many cases, a large dataset (both in terms of number of points and number of features) is unstructured and does not present any information at first sight, so these techniques are used to highlight hidden structures on data (clustering) or to reduce its complexity without losing relevant information (dimensionality reduction). This chapter will focus on the main clustering algorithms (the first part of the chapter) and dimensionality reduction methods (the second part of the chapter). The differences and advantages of the methods will be highlighted by providing a practical example using Python libraries. All of the code will be available on the author's GitHub profile, in the https://github.com/ai2010/machine_learning_for_the_web/tree/master/chapter_2...

Clustering algorithms

Clustering algorithms are employed to restructure data in somehow ordered subsets so that a meaningful structure can be inferred. A cluster can be defined as a group of data points with some similar features. The way to quantify the similarity of data points is what determines the different categories of clustering.

Clustering algorithms can be divided into different categories based on different metrics or assumptions in which data has been manipulated. We are going to discuss the most relevant categories used nowadays, which are distribution methods, centroid methods, density methods, and hierarchical methods. For each category, a particular algorithm is going to be presented in detail, and we will begin by discussing distribution methods. An example to compare the different algorithms will be discussed, and both the IPython notebook and script are available in the my GitHub book folder at https://github.com/ai2010/machine_learning_for_the_web/tree/master/chapter_2...

Dimensionality reduction

Dimensionality reduction, which is also called feature extraction, refers to the operation to transform a data space given by a large number of dimensions to a subspace of fewer dimensions. The resulting subspace should contain only the most relevant information of the initial data, and the techniques to perform this operation are categorized as linear or non-linear. Dimensionality reduction is a broad class of techniques that is useful for extracting the most relevant information from a large dataset, decreasing its complexity but keeping the relevant information.

The most famous algorithm, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), is a linear mapping of the original data into a subspace of uncorrelated dimensions, and it will be discussed hereafter. The code shown in this paragraph is available in IPython notebook and script versions at the author's GitHub book folder at https://github.com/ai2010/machine_learning_for_the_web/tree/master/chapter_2/.

Principal Component...

Singular value decomposition

This method is based on a theorem that states that a matrix X d x N can be decomposed as follows:

Singular value decomposition

Here:

  • U is a d x d unitary matrix
  • ∑ is a d x N diagonal matrix where the diagonal entries si are called singular values
  • V is an N x N unitary matrix

In our case, X can be composed by the feature's vectors Singular value decomposition, where each Singular value decomposition is a column. We can reduce the number of dimensions of each feature vector d, approximating the singular value decomposition. In practice, we consider only the largest singular values Singular value decomposition so that:

Singular value decomposition

t represents the dimension of the new reduced space where the feature vectors are projected. A vector x(i) is transformed in the new space using the following formula:

Singular value decomposition

This means that the matrix Singular value decomposition (not Singular value decomposition) represents the feature vectors in the t dimensional space.

Note that it is possible to show that this method is very similar to the PCA; in fact, the scikit-learn library uses SVD to implement PCA.

Summary

In this chapter, the main clustering algorithms were discussed in detail. We implemented them (using scikit-learn) and compared the results. Also, the most relevant dimensionality reduction technique, principal component analysis, was presented and implemented. You should now have the knowledge to use the main unsupervised learning techniques in real scenarios using Python and its libraries.

In the next chapter, the supervised learning algorithms will be discussed, for both classification and regression problems.

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Key benefits

  • Targets two big and prominent markets where sophisticated web apps are of need and importance.
  • Practical examples of building machine learning web application, which are easy to follow and replicate.
  • A comprehensive tutorial on Python libraries and frameworks to get you up and started.

Description

Python is a general purpose and also a comparatively easy to learn programming language. Hence it is the language of choice for data scientists to prototype, visualize, and run data analyses on small and medium-sized data sets. This is a unique book that helps bridge the gap between machine learning and web development. It focuses on the difficulties of implementing predictive analytics in web applications. We focus on the Python language, frameworks, tools, and libraries, showing you how to build a machine learning system. You will explore the core machine learning concepts and then develop and deploy the data into a web application using the Django framework. You will also learn to carry out web, document, and server mining tasks, and build recommendation engines. Later, you will explore Python’s impressive Django framework and will find out how to build a modern simple web app with machine learning features.

Who is this book for?

The book is aimed at upcoming and new data scientists who have little experience with machine learning or users who are interested in and are working on developing smart (predictive) web applications. Knowledge of Django would be beneficial. The reader is expected to have a background in Python programming and good knowledge of statistics.

What you will learn

  • Get familiar with the fundamental concepts and some of the jargons used in the machine learning community
  • Use tools and techniques to mine data from websites
  • Grasp the core concepts of Django framework
  • Get to know the most useful clustering and classification techniques and implement them in Python
  • Acquire all the necessary knowledge to build a web application with Django
  • Successfully build and deploy a movie recommendation system application using the Django framework in Python
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Length: 298 pages
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Language : English
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Table of Contents

9 Chapters
1. Introduction to Practical Machine Learning Using Python Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Unsupervised Machine Learning Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Supervised Machine Learning Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Web Mining Techniques Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Recommendation Systems Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Getting Started with Django Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. Movie Recommendation System Web Application Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. Sentiment Analyser Application for Movie Reviews Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

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Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Half star icon 4.5
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4 star 14.8%
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2 star 7.4%
1 star 3.7%
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Dario Fadda Aug 20, 2016
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
This book explains the most important machine learning algorithms most commonly used in thecommercial real world of web development. Significantly increasing their knowledge in this field, the reader willbe perfectly able to understand, in a first time, the mathematical functions behind this technology, and then with practical methods in a real web application based on these algorithms. Its a food for thought useful to learn to use machine learning "secrets" in themost common everyday applications. A very recommended reading!
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Kunhee Lee Oct 29, 2018
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Doesn't just describe the theories but shares practical advices through the author's experience.
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Paolo Scattone Sep 01, 2016
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Machine Learning for the Web, first publication by Andrea Isoni, PhD and Data Scientist, explores the main applications of machine learning, a programming area based on Python language.The work can be considered divided into two connected section and it is analyzed in eight chapters.The first part illustrates the key concepts of machine learning, the use of libraries for the management and analysis of data extracted from the web and provides a broad overview about the most common systems used in commercial and financial area.The second one introduces the reader to the main features of, Django, web framework for developing applications, and concludes with practical examples of the knowledges acquired.The whole discussion is made in a particularly effective educational approach: each chapter includes theoretical information and is followed by numerous application formulas explained in a comprehensive and detailed way.Machine Learning for the web is an interesting work, very well structured and recommended to all those who are interested in developing skills in a professional environment that in the near future will have a sure positive impact in companies activities in the commercial and financial sectors.
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yogafreak Aug 22, 2016
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I'm a newcomer to the ML world. This book was a fun read, with thorough explanations of the most common techniques. Jupyter notebooks with exercises are provided too through the author's Github page, and they help a lot getting a feeling of the performance of each method.With a standard Physics or Engineering-level mathematical background, some additional vocabulary needs to be learned to follow some of the most technical sections. In any case, the author often refers to additional manuals and resources when needed, without interrupting the train of thought.Python 2.7 is the language of choice, but all exercises I tried to reproduce worked almost flawlessly on Python 3.4 (besides some easy changes like print-> print()).Overall, the structure of the book makes perfect sense, guiding the reader through a lot of examples and real-life situations. I could take a few examples and apply them to my own (Astrophysical) research almost straight away.Bottom line, nice book that I recommend for people entering the ML world, provided that they have some mathematical background. But it shouldn't be a problem, you don't want to learn ML without knowing some math, don't you ;)?
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VP Aug 18, 2016
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wow...this book is simply fantastic! There is the math theory and a lot of examples with source code. If someone must code a predictive python web application, this is the right book to start and to understand how to make it. There is a lot of examples for python libraries and obviously for Django. I think these examples, In some cases, are general purpose and not only for the book purpose. All documented and all explained also for beginners. Highly recommended!
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