Object-oriented programming (OOP)

Now that the basics of the decoration pattern have been covered, it is time to explore OOP. We will use the definition from Kindler, E.; Krivy, I. (2011). Object-oriented simulation of systems with sophisticated control (International Journal of General Systems), and adapt it to Python:

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of "objects", which are data structures that contain data, in the form of attributes, and code, in the form of functions known as methods. A distinguishing feature of objects is that an object's method can access and often modify the data attributes of the object with which they are associated (objects have a notion of "self"). In OO programming, computer programs are designed by making them out of objects that interact with one another.

Python has full support for this paradigm. Actually, as we have already said, everything in Python is an object, so this shows...