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Django 4 for the Impatient

Chapter 2: Understanding the Project Structure and Creating Our First App

Django projects contain a predefined structure with some key files. In this chapter, we will discuss the Django project structure and how some of those files are used to configure our web applications. Furthermore, Django projects are composed of one or more apps. We will learn how to create a movie app and how to register it inside our Django project.

In this chapter, we will cover the following topics:

Understanding the project structure
Creating our first app

Understanding the project structure

Let's look at the project files that were created for us in Chapter 1, Installing Python and Django, in the Installing Django section. Open the moviereviews project folder in VS Code. You will see the following elements:

Figure 2.1 – The MOVIEREVIEWS directory structure

Let's learn about each of these elements.

The moviereviews folder

As you can see in Figure 2.1, there is a folder with the same name as the folder we opened in VS Code originally – moviereviews. To avoid confusion and to distinguish between the two moviereviews folders, we will keep the inner moviereviews folder as it is and rename the outer folder moviereviewsproject.

After the renaming, open the inner moviereviews folder. You will see the following elements, as shown in Figure 2.2:

Figure 2.2 – The MOVIEREVIEWSPROJECT directory structure

Let's briefly look at all the elements in the moviereviews folder:

__pycache__: This folder stores compiled bytecode when we generate our project. You can largely ignore this folder. Its purpose is to make your project start a little faster by caching the compiled code that can then be readily executed.
__init__.py: This file specifies what to run when Django launches for the first time.
asgi.py: This file allows an optional Asynchronous Server Gateway Interface (ASGI) to run.
settings.py: The settings.py file is an important file that controls our project's settings. It contains several properties:
- BASE_DIR: Determines where on your machine the project is situated.
- SECRET_KEY: Used when you have data flowing in and out of your website. Do not ever share this with others.
- DEBUG: Our site can run in debug mode or not. In debug mode, we get detailed information on errors – for instance, if we try to run http://localhost:8000/123 in the browser, we will see a Page not found (404) error:

Figure 2.3 – Accessing an invalid application route

Note

It is important to remember the following:

When deploying our app to production, we should set DEBUG to False. If DEBUG = False, we will see a generic 404 page without error details.
While developing our project, we should set DEBUG = True to help us with debugging.

INSTALLED_APPS: Allows us to bring different pieces of code into our project. We will see this in action later.
MIDDLEWARE: Refers to built-in Django functions to process application requests/responses, which include authentication, session, and security.
ROOT_URLCONF: Specifies where our URLs are.
TEMPLATES: Defines the template engine class, the list of directories where the engine should look for template source files, and specific template settings.
AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS: Allow us to specify the validations that we want on passwords – for example, a minimum length.

There are some other properties in settings.py, such as LANGUAGE_CODE and TIME_ZONE, but we have focused on the more important properties in the preceding list. We will later revisit this file and see how relevant it is in developing our site.

urls.py: This file tells Django which pages to render in response to a browser or URL request. For example, when someone enters the http://localhost:8000/123 URL, the request comes into urls.py and gets routed to a page based on the paths specified there. We will later add paths to this file and better understand how it works.
Wsgi.py: This file stands for the Web Server Gateway Interface (WSGI) and helps Django serve our web pages. Both files are used when deploying our app. We will revisit them later when we deploy our app.

manage.py

The manage.py file seen in Figure 2.1 and Figure 2.2 is an element we should not tinker with. The file helps us to perform administrative operations. For example, we earlier ran the following command in Chapter 1, Installing Python and Django, in the Running the Django local web server section:

python3 manage.py runserver

The purpose of the command was to start the local web server. We will later illustrate more administrative functions, such as one for creating a new app – python3 manage.py startapp.

db.sqlite3

The db.sqlite3 file contains our database. However, we will not discuss this file in this chapter, as we do not need it to create our file. We will do so in Chapter 5, Working with Models.

Let's next create our first app!

Creating our first app

A single Django project can contain one or more apps that work together to power a web application. Django uses the concept of projects and apps to keep code clean and readable.

For example, on a movie review site such as Rotten Tomatoes, as shown in Figure 2.4, we can have an app for listing movies, an app for listing news, an app for payments, an app for user authentication, and so on:

Figure 2.4 – The Rotten Tomatoes website

Apps in Django are like pieces of a website. You can create an entire website with one single app, but it is useful to break it up into different apps, each representing a clear function.

Our movie review site will begin with one app. We will later add more as we progress. To add an app, in the Terminal, stop the server by using Cmd + C. Navigate to the moviereviewsproject folder and run a command like the following in the Terminal:

python3 manage.py startapp <name of app>

In our case, we will add a movie app:

For macOS, run the following command:

python3 manage.py startapp movie

For Windows, run the following command:

python manage.py startapp movie

A new folder, movie, will be added to the project. As we progress in the book, we will explain the files that are inside the folder.

Although our new app exists in our Django project, Django doesn't recognize it till we explicitly add it. To do so, we need to specify it in settings.py. So, go to /moviereviews/settings.py, under INSTALLED_APPS, and you will see six built-in apps already there.

Add the app name, as highlighted in the following (this should be done whenever a new app is created):

…
INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    'movie',
]
…

Back in the Terminal, run the server:

For macOS, run with the following:

python3 manage.py runserver

For Windows, run with the following:

python manage.py runserver

The server should run without issues. We will learn more about apps throughout the course of this book.

Currently, you may notice a message in the Terminal when you run the server, as follows:

"You have 18 unapplied migration(s). Your project may not work properly until you apply the migrations for app(s): admin, auth, contenttypes, sessions.
Run 'python manage.py migrate' to apply them."

We will see how to address this problem later. But for now, remember that we can have one or more apps inside a project.

Key benefits

Develop web applications with Python and Django quickly

Understand Django features with short explanations and learn how to use them right away

Create a movie reviews app with a responsive user interface and deploy it to the cloud

Description

Learning Django can be a tricky and time-consuming activity. There are hundreds of tutorials, loads of documentation, and many explanations that are hard to digest. However, this book enables you to use and learn Django in just a couple of days. In this book, you’ll go on a fun, hands-on, and pragmatic journey to learn Django full stack development. You'll start building your first Django app within minutes. You'll be provided with short explanations and a practical approach that cover some of the most important Django features, such as Django Apps’ structure, URLs, views, templates, models, CSS inclusion, image storage, authentication and authorization, Django admin panel, and many more. You'll also use Django to develop a movies review app and deploy it to the internet. By the end of this book, you'll be able to build and deploy your own Django web applications.

What you will learn

Understand and implement Django Apps' basic structure, including URLs, views, templates, and models

Add bootstrap to improve the aesthetics of the site

Create your own custom pages and have different URLs to route to them

Navigate between pages by adding a header bar to all pages

Work with databases and models

Explore the powerful built-in admin interface with Django

Use Django's powerful, built-in authentication system

Deploy your Django project on the internet for the world to use

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Paperback book shipped to your preferred address

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Amazon_ton Jul 27, 2024

The contents of the book were very timely and well written.The book itself was received damage and, after calling Amazon Customer Service, I was promised a monetary credit for the damage book from Amazon, at least at first.Several weeks went by and I never received any monetary credit from Amazon for the damaged book. So I called Amazon Customer Service again and they said they had no record of me being promised any monetary compensation for the damaged book. It appears as if the quality of Amazon Customer Service has taken a nosedive.

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Amazon Customer Oct 06, 2023

I bought this book not just because I'm studying Django, Predominantly because one REVIEW claimed it was printed in COLOR. Regrettably, this turned out to be completely untrue. The book I received was in Black and White. I'm uncertain if that comment was an attempt to deceive or to SCAM. Nevertheless, I've started reading it.

Luis Contreras Aug 21, 2023

El libro es excelente, y los ejercicios se puede seguir con mucha facilidad. Aprendí cosas bien básicas que me ayudaron a tener las bases para seguir aprendiendo Django.

Roark Jun 15, 2023

The book is thinner than expected, at under 200 pages, however it seems to lay everything out that is needed to get things up and running with Python and Django.Unlike so many books I have tried in recent years, this book sticks to the subject at hand without overwhelming the reader with too many details all at once. Instead, a Web App is built up little by little with each chapter, with a good explanation of the reason each step is taken along the way.There isn't a lot of personality in the way of a for Dummies series, but the subject of building a useful Web App while coming up to speed with Django is presented in a very professional manner. It's like being able to drop in on a very helpful, to-the-point seminar any time you feel like it, and coming away with the knowledge and confidence that is needed to follow through. Bravo!

chris Adams Mar 18, 2023

I have been programming primarily PHP for 20 years. Thought I would pick up some Python. It is not a very deep text but it is not trying to be. I got a great overview of Django in a few hours and was able to relate the concepts to tools that I was familiar with (basically it is a lot like Laravel). Thanks!

Django 4 for the Impatient: Learn the core concepts of Python web development with Django in one weekend

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Django 4 for the Impatient

Chapter 2: Understanding the Project Structure and Creating Our First App

Technical requirements

Understanding the project structure

The moviereviews folder

manage.py

db.sqlite3

Creating our first app

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Django 4 for the Impatient: Learn the core concepts of Python web development with Django in one weekend

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