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Hands-On Graph Analytics with Neo4j
Hands-On Graph Analytics with Neo4j

Hands-On Graph Analytics with Neo4j: Perform graph processing and visualization techniques using connected data across your enterprise

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Hands-On Graph Analytics with Neo4j

Graph Databases

Graph databases have gained increasing attention in the last few years. Data models built from graphs bring together the simplicity of document-oriented databases and the clarity of SQL tables. Among others, Neo4j is a database that comes with a large ecosystem, including the database, but also tools to build web applications, such as the GRANDstack, and tools to use graph data in a machine learning pipeline, as well as the Graph Data Science Library. This book will discuss those tools, but let's first start from the beginning.

Talking about graph databases means talking about graphs. Even if you do not need to know all the details about graph theory, it’s always a good idea to learn some of the basic concepts underlying the tool you are using. In this chapter, we will start by defining graphs and giving some simple and less simple examples of graphs and their applications. We will then see how to move from the well-known SQL tables to graph data modeling. We’ll conclude by introducing Neo4j and its building blocks, and review some design principles to understand what can and can’t be done with Neo4j.

This chapter will cover the following topics:

  • Graph definition and examples
  • Moving from SQL to graph databases
  • Neo4j: the nodes, relationships, and properties model
  • Understanding graph properties
  • Considerations for graph modeling in Neo4j

Graph definition and examples

The question you may ask at this point is "Why should I care about graphs? After all, my company/business/interest is not about graphs or networks of any kind. I know my data model, well arranged into SQL tables or NoSQL documents, and I can retrieve the information I want when I want." This book will teach you how to empower your data by looking at it in a different way. Surprisingly enough, graphs can be used to model a lot of processes, from the more obvious ones such as road networks, to less intuitive use cases such as video games or credit card fraud detection, among many others.

Graph theory

Let's start from the beginning and answer the question "What is a graph?"

A bit of history: the Seven Bridges of Königsberg problem

Graph studies originate back to Leonhard Euler, a prolific Swiss mathematician who lived in the eighteenth century. In 1735, he published a paper proposing a solution to the Seven Bridges of Königsberg problem. The problem is the following:

Given the city whose geography is depicted in the following image, is there a way to walk across each of the seven bridges of the city once and only once, and return to our starting point?

As you can see, this city is crossed by a river that splits the city into two banks, A and B. The river meander additionally creates two islands, C and D, also part of the city. Those two banks and two islands are connected by a total of seven bridges: two bridges between A and C, two other bridges between C and B, one between C and D, one between B and D, and a last one between D and A:

Euler's reasoning (on the right side) was to reduce this complex geography to the most simple drawing, like the one you can see on the right of the previous image, since the route used within each island is not relevant. Each island then becomes a single point, or node, connected to another by one or several links, or edges, representing the bridges.

With this simple visualization, the mathematician was able to solve the initial problem by noting that, if you arrive at an island (vertex) via one bridge, you will need to leave it using another bridge (except for the start and end vertices). In other words, all vertices but two need to be connected to an even number of relationships. This is not the case in the Königsberg graph, since we have the following:

A: 3 connections (to C twice, and to D once)
B: 3 connections (to C twice, and to D once)
C: 5 connections (to A twice, to B twice and to D once)
D: 3 connections (to A once, to C once and to D once)

This kind of path, where each edge is used once and only once, is called a Eulerian cycle and it can be said that a graph has a Eulerian cycle if and only if all of its vertices have even degrees.

The number of connections for a node is called the degree of the node.

Graph definition

This leads us to the mathematical definition of a graph:

A graph G = (V, E) is a pair of:

  • V, a set of nodes or vertices: the islands in our previous example
  • E, a set of edges connecting nodes: the bridges

The Königsberg graph illustrated on the right of the preceding image can then be defined as follows:

V = [A, B, C, D]
E = [
(A, C),
(A, C),
(C, B),
(C, B),
(A, D),
(C, D),
(B, D)
]

Graphs, like many mathematical objects, are well defined. While it can be difficult to find a good visualization for some of those objects, graphs, on the other hand, suffer from the almost infinite number of ways to draw them.

Visualization

Apart from very special cases, there is no single way to draw a graph and visualize it. Indeed, graphs are most often an abstract representation of reality. For instance, all four graphs depicted in the following image represent the exact same set of nodes and edges, so, by definition, the same mathematical graph:

We cannot rely only on our eyes to find patterns within graphs. For instance, looking only at the lower-right plot, it would be impossible to see the pattern that is visible in the upper-right plot. That's where graph algorithms enter into the game, which will be discussed in more detail in Chapter 6, Node Importance, and Chapter 7, Community Detection and Similarity Measures.

Examples of graphs

Now that we have a better idea of what a graph is, it's time to discover some more examples to understand which purposes graphs can be useful for.

Networks

With the graph definition in mind (a set of nodes connected to each other via edges) and the bridges example from the last section, we can easily imagine how all kinds of networks can be seen as graphs, including road networks, computer networks, or even social networks.

Road networks

Road networks are a perfect example of graphs. In such networks, the nodes are the road intersections, and edges are the roads themselves, as you can see in the following image:

This image shows the road network around Central Park in New York City, wherein streets are edges between junctions representing nodes

With road networks, many questions can be answered with graph analysis, such as the following:

  • What is the shortest path between two points (nodes)?
  • How long is this shortest path?
  • Are there alternative routes?
  • How can you visit all nodes within a list in a minimal amount of time?

This last question is especially important for parcel delivery, in order to minimize the number of driven miles to maximize the number of delivered parcels and satisfied customers.

We will go into more detail about this topic in Chapter 4, The Graph Data Science Library and Path Finding.

Computer networks

In a computer network, each computer/router is a node and the cables between them are the edges. The following image illustrates some possible topologies used for a computer network (credit: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NetworkTopologies.svg):

You can now draw the parallel with the graph definition we discovered in the last section. Here again, the graph structure helps in answering some common questions you may ask yourself about your network:

  • How fast will this information be transferred from A to B? This sounds like a shortest path issue.
  • Which of my nodes is the most critical one? By critical, we mean that if this node is not working for some reason, the whole network will be impacted. Not all nodes have the same impact on the network. That's where centrality algorithms come into the game (see Chapter 6, Node Importance).

Social networks

Facebook, LinkedIn, and all of our favorite social networks use graphs to model their users and interactions. In the most basic example of a social graph, nodes represent people, and edges the friendship or professional relationship between them, as illustrated in the following image:

Here again, graphs allow us to see the data from a different perspective. For instance, we have seen this kind of information when looking at someone’s profile on LinkedIn:

In that case, it tells us that the connected user (me) is just two connections away from Clark Kent. In other words, one person in my network is already connected to a person who is connected to Clark Kent. The following image illustrates this more clearly, in terms of degrees of separation:

You've probably heard about the Six Degrees of Separation theory. In 1929, the Hungarian journalist Frigyes Karinthy proposed a theory according to which each person on Earth is at most six connections away from any other person. In other words, if you want to talk to one person, say Barack Obama, a friend of yours has a friend whose friend has a friend... who knows Barack Obama and can introduce you to him. According to Karinthy, this connection chain must contain less than six connections, or seven people in total, including you and Barack Obama.

Given that there are more than 7 billion human beings on Earth, that's a surprisingly small number! With the large databases that are available nowadays, such as the friendship connections from Facebook or email exchanges from Microsoft, researchers have tried to prove the preceding statement. From the Microsoft email database, for instance, it was shown in 2008 that the average degree of separation between 180 billion distinct pairs of people was around 6.6. But this is just an average, and the number of hops to connect two people could go up to 29 with that dataset.

Many other kinds of analyses can be performed over social graphs:

  • Node importance: Again, it might be very useful to have an idea of which nodes (persons) are the most important. However, the definition of importance here will be different than in the case of a computer network, since it is very unlikely that a single person's retirement from social media makes the whole world collapse. However, influencers have a particular interest for marketing experts.
  • Community detection: Also called clustering, is a way to find a group of nodes sharing some characteristics. For instance, finding users who share the same interests, or visit the same places, can be used to recommend products to them.
  • Link prediction: With a graph, you can think of creating intelligent models to predict whether two entities are likely to be connected in the future. Here again, recommendation engines are one possible application of such a tool.
You can find more information about the Facebook graph as an example at https://developers.facebook.com/docs/graph-api.

As you can see, networks of all kinds are very well suited to graph databases. But we can go far beyond that view and imagine all kinds of data as a graph, which will open up a lot of new perspectives.

Your data is also a graph

You may have noticed that in the previous image of a social graph, the edges have names. Indeed, some people are friends, while some others have a father/son relationship. Now, let's imagine we can have any kind of relationship, meaning we can start connecting different kinds of entities. For instance, a person is living in a particular country, so (s)he is connected to that country with a relationship of type LIVES_IN. Are you beginning to see the point? With that kind of reasoning, the world itself is a graph and your business is a subpart of it.

Graphs are about relationships, and the world is connected, meaning there are relationships everywhere. We’ll talk about this in more detail in Chapter 3, Empowering Your Business with Pure Cypher, which is dedicated to knowledge graphs.

Graph databases allow you to model the data in that way: nodes, connected by relationships of some type. Let's see how to migrate data stored in relational databases to graph databases.

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Key benefits

  • Get up and running with graph analytics with the help of real-world examples
  • Explore various use cases such as fraud detection, graph-based search, and recommendation systems
  • Get to grips with the Graph Data Science library with the help of examples, and use Neo4j in the cloud for effective application scaling

Description

Neo4j is a graph database that includes plugins to run complex graph algorithms. The book starts with an introduction to the basics of graph analytics, the Cypher query language, and graph architecture components, and helps you to understand why enterprises have started to adopt graph analytics within their organizations. You’ll find out how to implement Neo4j algorithms and techniques and explore various graph analytics methods to reveal complex relationships in your data. You’ll be able to implement graph analytics catering to different domains such as fraud detection, graph-based search, recommendation systems, social networking, and data management. You’ll also learn how to store data in graph databases and extract valuable insights from it. As you become well-versed with the techniques, you’ll discover graph machine learning in order to address simple to complex challenges using Neo4j. You will also understand how to use graph data in a machine learning model in order to make predictions based on your data. Finally, you’ll get to grips with structuring a web application for production using Neo4j. By the end of this book, you’ll not only be able to harness the power of graphs to handle a broad range of problem areas, but you’ll also have learned how to use Neo4j efficiently to identify complex relationships in your data.

Who is this book for?

This book is for data analysts, business analysts, graph analysts, and database developers looking to store and process graph data to reveal key data insights. This book will also appeal to data scientists who want to build intelligent graph applications catering to different domains. Some experience with Neo4j is required.

What you will learn

  • Become well-versed with Neo4j graph database building blocks, nodes, and relationships
  • Discover how to create, update, and delete nodes and relationships using Cypher querying
  • Use graphs to improve web search and recommendations
  • Understand graph algorithms such as pathfinding, spatial search, centrality, and community detection
  • Find out different steps to integrate graphs in a normal machine learning pipeline
  • Formulate a link prediction problem in the context of machine learning
  • Implement graph embedding algorithms such as DeepWalk, and use them in Neo4j graphs
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Language : English
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Table of Contents

17 Chapters
Section 1: Graph Modeling with Neo4j Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Graph Databases Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
The Cypher Query Language Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Empowering Your Business with Pure Cypher Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Section 2: Graph Algorithms Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
The Graph Data Science Library and Path Finding Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Spatial Data Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Node Importance Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Community Detection and Similarity Measures Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Section 3: Machine Learning on Graphs Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Using Graph-based Features in Machine Learning Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Predicting Relationships Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Graph Embedding - from Graphs to Matrices Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Section 4: Neo4j for Production Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Using Neo4j in Your Web Application Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Neo4j at Scale Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Other Books You May Enjoy Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

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mayanktripathi4u Nov 24, 2020
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Disclaimer: The Publisher asked me to review this book and sent me a review copy. I promise to be completely honest about my thoughts on this book.This book describes the concepts of Neo4j with good examples, specially I liked the example of comparing data with water, a container with database and it very nicely explained the way of choosing an appropriate container based on need.Further this book also gives us a clear understanding on Cypher Query Language with sample code. Covered almost all of the concepts starting from creating a node to managing it and modify / update them, including loading the data from CSV or JSON format or web APIs. From time-to-time the author has also taken care of comparing Neo4j with other database terminology and shared related terms considering that this book will also be read by various database users, and it made me more comfortable when doing comparison with the database I am used to. In this book the author has demonstrated the power of Neo4j by building a knowledge graph from unstructured data with detailed explanation of geographic coordinate systems. Which is very hard to do with various other databases. Author did not leave us with just the concepts and hands-on with Neo4j, she also taken us from novice to expert and included Data Science/Machine Learning portion as well which is booming now!Another important thing I liked is that the author has taken care of small concepts & tips and has explained them clearly, as they are the building blocks. Along with this, there are some exercises to test the understanding. "Tip" section in the book is awesome, as it contains very important tips which one has to keep them handy. This book is worth reading irrespective who you are, be it a Beginner (to gain fundamental knowledge on Neo4j); Full-stack developer (Where and when to use Neo4j with Python or any other language); database developer (how to create; manage and maintain database); or a data scientist & ML engineer (Data Analysis and Prediction with Python and Neo4j); etc. It covers all aspects of Neo4j.I loved reading this book.
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Joao FirJur Aug 12, 2022
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Atende ao que preciso, sobre a aplicação da Teoria dos Grafos na Computação. Não encontrei falhas, até o momento.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Practical designer Nov 01, 2020
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
I received a copy of this book from the publisher so that I could review it.This book does a great job of introducing a range of graph-related topics along with code examples to illustrate the points. It is a practical guide written by someone who is well grounded in theory. The author's experience as a data scientist helps her bring together various tools in the Neo4j ecosystem that you might use on a real project. You aren't just getting a single vendor's sales pitch. Sometimes data scientists struggle with the ML Ops required to turn a great model into a production tool. The book takes the reader all the way through ideas for deploying graph analytics in an application and tuning the database in production. This sets the book apart from others that I have read on applied graph analytics.The section on spatial data is especially well done, as the author has been a major contributor to the Neo4j community in that area. The chapters on machine learning are also deep and valuable.In order to explain graph algorithms, the book provides examples in pure Python before showing the way to call Neo4j's implementation. I found myself skimming/skipping the pure Python explanations since Neo4j provides these algorithms out of the box.The book attempts to explain concepts from the ground up, but you will get more from this book if you have some experience with machine learning, Neo4j, and Python. For a data scientist or analyst looking to add to graph analytics to your tool kit, this will be a valuable resource and a source of inspiration.
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Michael Porter Oct 01, 2020
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Estelle's book is an incredibly clear breakdown of how to make the most out of Neo4j and all it's capabilities. She does a fantastic job of explaining how to conceptualize "graphy" problems and then use Neo4j to solve them. If you're new to graphs and Neo4j or if you're an experienced graphista, this books is going to have something for you.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Yusuf Sep 21, 2020
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Estelle did a great job introducing Neo4j from the lenses of graph analytics.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
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Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela