4G/LTE and 5G
4G/LTE and 5G are types of cellular networks that use licensed spectrum owned by local telecommunication service providers. They offer users services such as voice and video calling, messaging, and internet browsing on mobile devices. Additionally, these networks are commonly used in various IoT applications, such as high-resolution camera surveillance, high-speed train and fleet connectivity, large-scale asset tracking, and utilities such as water, gas, and electricity metering.
History and current status
The era of cellular network-enabled IoT applications began with the introduction of 3G networks in the early 2000s, which included the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). 3G networks offered limited data rates in the air up to 384 kbps. The enhanced version over the basic 3G, High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA), could offer downlink speeds typically up to 14.4 Mbps and uplink speeds up to 5.76 Mbps. 3G advanced...