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Home > Programming > GUI Application Development > Tkinter GUI Application Development Blueprints
Tkinter GUI Application Development Blueprints
Tkinter GUI Application Development Blueprints

Tkinter GUI Application Development Blueprints: Master GUI programming in Tkinter as you design, implement, and deliver 10 real-world applications

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Tkinter GUI Application Development Blueprints

Chapter 2. Making a Text Editor

We got a fairly high-level overview of Tkinter in Chapter 1, Meet Tkinter. Now that we know some things about Tkinter's core widgets, geometry management, and the binding of commands and events to callbacks, let's use our skills in this project to create a text editor.

Objectives of the chapter

We will, in the process of creating a text editor, take a closer look at some widgets and learn how to tweak them to meet our specific needs.

The following are the key objectives for this project:

  • Delving into some commonly used widgets, such as the Menu, Menubutton, Text, Entry, Checkbutton, and Button widgets
  • Exploring the filedialog and messagebox modules of Tkinter
  • Learning the vital concepts of indexing and tagging, as applied to Tkinter
  • Identifying the different types of Toplevel windows

An overview of the chapter

The goal here is to build a text editor with some cool nifty features. Let's call it the Footprint Editor.

An overview of the chapter

We intend to include the following features in the text editor:

  • Creating new documents, opening and editing the existing documents, and saving documents
  • Implementing common editing options such as cut, copy, paste, undo, and redo
  • Searching within a file for a given search term
  • Implementing line numbering and the ability to show/hide line numbers
  • Implementing theme selection to let a user choose custom color themes for the editor
  • Implementing the about and help windows

Setting up the editor skeleton

Our first goal is to implement the broad visual elements of the text editor. As programmers, we have all used text editors to edit code. We are mostly aware of the common GUI elements of a text editor. So, without much of an introduction, let's get started.

The first phase implements the Menu, Menubutton, Label, Button, Text and Scrollbar widgets. Although we'll cover all of these in detail, you might find it helpful to look at the widget-specific options in the documentation of Tkinter maintained by its author Frederick Lundh at http://effbot.org/tkinterbook/. You can also use the interactive shell, as discussed in Chapter 1, Meet Tkinter.

You might also want to bookmark the official documentation page of Tcl/Tk at http://www.tcl.tk/man/tcl8.6/TkCmd/contents.htm. This site includes the original Tcl/Tk reference. While it does not relate to Python, it provides a detailed overview of each widget and is a useful reference. Remember that Tkinter is just...

Adding a menu and menu items

Menus offer a very compact way of presenting a large number of choices to the user without cluttering the interface. Tkinter offers the following two widgets to handle menus:

  • The Menu widget: This appears at the top of applications, which is always visible to end users
  • The menu Items: This shows up when a user clicks on a menu

We will use the following code to add Toplevel menu buttons:

my_menu = Menu(parent, **options)

For example, to add a File menu, we will use the following code:

# Adding Menubar in the widget
menu_bar = Menu(root)

file_menu = Menu(menu_bar, tearoff=0)
# all file menu-items will be added here next
menu_bar.add_cascade(label='File', menu=file_menu)
root.config(menu=menu_bar)

The following screenshot is the result of the preceding code:

Adding a menu and menu items

Similarly, we will add the Edit, View, and About menus. See 2.01.py.

We will also define a constant, as follows:

PROGRAM_NAME = " Footprint Editor "

Then, we'll set the root window tile as follows...

Implementing the View menu

Tkinter offers the following three varieties of menu items:

  • Checkbutton menu items: These let you make a yes/no choice by checking/unchecking the menu item
  • Radiobutton menu items: These let you choose an option from many different options
  • Cascade menu items: These menu items only opens up to show another list of choices

The following View menu shows all of these three types of menu items in action:

Implementing the View menu

The first three menu items in the View menu let users make a definite yes or no choice by checking or unchecking them. These are examples of the Checkbutton menu.

The Themes menu item in the preceding screenshot is an example of a Cascade menu. Hovering over this cascade menu simply opens another list of menu items. However, we can also bind a menu item by using the postcommand=callback option. This can be used to manage something just before bringing up the cascading menu item's contents and is often used for dynamic list creation.

Within the cascade menu, you are presented...

Objectives of the chapter

We will, in the process of creating a text editor, take a closer look at some widgets and learn how to tweak them to meet our specific needs.

The following are the key objectives for this project:

  • Delving into some commonly used widgets, such as the Menu, Menubutton, Text, Entry, Checkbutton, and Button widgets

  • Exploring the filedialog and messagebox modules of Tkinter

  • Learning the vital concepts of indexing and tagging, as applied to Tkinter

  • Identifying the different types of Toplevel windows

An overview of the chapter

The goal here is to build a text editor with some cool nifty features. Let's call it the Footprint Editor.

We intend to include the following features in the text editor:

  • Creating new documents, opening and editing the existing documents, and saving documents

  • Implementing common editing options such as cut, copy, paste, undo, and redo

  • Searching within a file for a given search term

  • Implementing line numbering and the ability to show/hide line numbers

  • Implementing theme selection to let a user choose custom color themes for the editor

  • Implementing the about and help windows

Setting up the editor skeleton

Our first goal is to implement the broad visual elements of the text editor. As programmers, we have all used text editors to edit code. We are mostly aware of the common GUI elements of a text editor. So, without much of an introduction, let's get started.

The first phase implements the Menu, Menubutton, Label, Button, Text and Scrollbar widgets. Although we'll cover all of these in detail, you might find it helpful to look at the widget-specific options in the documentation of Tkinter maintained by its author Frederick Lundh at http://effbot.org/tkinterbook/. You can also use the interactive shell, as discussed in Chapter 1, Meet Tkinter.

You might also want to bookmark the official documentation page of Tcl/Tk at http://www.tcl.tk/man/tcl8.6/TkCmd/contents.htm. This site includes the original Tcl/Tk reference. While it does not relate to Python, it provides a detailed overview of each widget and is a useful reference. Remember that Tkinter is just a wrapper...

Adding a menu and menu items

Menus offer a very compact way of presenting a large number of choices to the user without cluttering the interface. Tkinter offers the following two widgets to handle menus:

  • The Menu widget: This appears at the top of applications, which is always visible to end users

  • The menu Items: This shows up when a user clicks on a menu

We will use the following code to add Toplevel menu buttons:

my_menu = Menu(parent, **options)

For example, to add a File menu, we will use the following code:

# Adding Menubar in the widget
menu_bar = Menu(root)

file_menu = Menu(menu_bar, tearoff=0)
# all file menu-items will be added here next
menu_bar.add_cascade(label='File', menu=file_menu)
root.config(menu=menu_bar)

The following screenshot is the result of the preceding code:

Similarly, we will add the Edit, View, and About menus. See 2.01.py.

We will also define a constant, as follows:

PROGRAM_NAME = " Footprint Editor "

Then, we'll set the root window tile as follows:

root.title(PROGRAM_NAME...

Implementing the View menu

Tkinter offers the following three varieties of menu items:

  • Checkbutton menu items: These let you make a yes/no choice by checking/unchecking the menu item

  • Radiobutton menu items: These let you choose an option from many different options

  • Cascade menu items: These menu items only opens up to show another list of choices

The following View menu shows all of these three types of menu items in action:

The first three menu items in the View menu let users make a definite yes or no choice by checking or unchecking them. These are examples of the Checkbutton menu.

The Themes menu item in the preceding screenshot is an example of a Cascade menu. Hovering over this cascade menu simply opens another list of menu items. However, we can also bind a menu item by using the postcommand=callback option. This can be used to manage something just before bringing up the cascading menu item's contents and is often used for dynamic list creation.

Within the cascade menu, you are presented...

Adding a built-in functionality

Tkinter's Text widget comes with some handy built-in functionality to handle common text-related functions. Let's leverage these functionalities to implement some common features in the text editor.

Let's start by implementing the cut, copy, and paste features. We now have the editor GUI ready. If you open the program and play with the Text widget, you will see that you can perform basic functions such as cut, copy, and paste in the text area by using Ctrl + X, Ctrl + C, and Ctrl + V respectively. All of these functions exist without us having to add a single line of code toward these functionalities.

The text widget clearly comes with these built-in events. Now, we simply want to connect these events to their respective menu items.

The documentation of Tcl/Tk Universal widget methods tells us that we can trigger events without an external stimulus by using the following command:

widget.event_generate(sequence, **kw)

To trigger the cut event, all we need is the...

Indexing and tagging

Though we managed to leverage some built-in functionality to gain a quick advantage, we need more control over the text area so that we can bend it to our will. This will require the ability to target each character or location of the text with precision.

We will need to know the exact position of each character, the cursor, or the selected area in order to do anything with the contents of the editor.

The Text widget offers us the ability to manipulate its content using index, tags, and mark, which let us target a position or place within the text area for manipulation.

Index

Indexing helps you target a particular place within a piece of text. For example, if you want to mark a particular word in bold, red, or in a different font size, you can do so if you know the index of the starting point and the index of the end point that needs to be targeted.

The index must be specified in one of the following formats:

The index format

Description

x.y

This refers to the character...

Implementing the Select All feature

We know that Tkinter has a built-in sel tag that applies a selection to a given text range. We want to apply this tag to the entire text in the widget.

We can simply define a function to handle this, as follows (refer to 2.05.py in the code bundle):

def select_all(event=None):
    content_text.tag_add('sel', '1.0', 'end')
    return "break"

After doing this, add a callback to the Select All menu item:

edit_menu.add_command(label='Select All', underline=7, accelerator='Ctrl+A', command=select_all)

We also need to bind the function to the Ctrl + A keyboard shortcut. We do this by using the following key bindings (refer to 2.05.py in the code bundle):

content_text.bind('<Control-A>', select_all)
content_text.bind('<Control-a>', select_all)

The coding of the Select All feature is complete. To try it out, add some text to the text widget and then click on the menu item, Select All or use the Ctrl + A (accelerator shortcut key).

Implementing the Find Text feature

Next, let's code the Find Text feature (refer to 2.05.py in the code bundle). The following screenshot shows an example of the Find Text feature:

Here's a quick summary of the desired functionality. When a user clicks on the Find menu item, a new Toplevel window opens up. The user enters a search keyword and specifies whether the search needs to be case-sensitive. When the user clicks on the Find All button, all matches are highlighted.

To search through the document, we will rely on the text_widget.search() method. The search method takes in the following arguments:

search(pattern, startindex, stopindex=None, forwards=None, backwards=None, exact=None, regexp=None, nocase=None, count=None)

For the editor, define a function called find_text and attach it as a callback to the Find menu (refer to 2.05.py in the code bundle):

edit_menu.add_command(label='Find',underline= 0, accelerator='Ctrl+F', command=find_text)

Also, bind it to the Ctrl + F shortcut, as follows...

Types of Toplevel windows

In a code previously in this chapter, we used the following line:

search_toplevel.transient(root)

Let's understand what it means here. Tkinter supports the following four types of Toplevel windows:

  • The main Toplevel window: These are the ones that we have constructed so far.

  • The child Toplevel window: These are the ones that are independent of the root. The Toplevel child behaves independent of its root, but it gets destroyed if its parent is destroyed.

  • The transient Toplevel window: This always appears at the top of its parent, but it does not entirely grab the focus. Clicking again on the parent window allows you to interact with it. The transient window is hidden when the parent is minimized, and it is destroyed if the parent is destroyed. Compare this to what is called a modal window. A modal window grabs all the focus from the parent window and asks a user to first close the modal window before getting access back to the parent window.

  • The undecorated Toplevel window...

Working with forms and dialogs

The goal for this iteration is to implement the functionality of the File menu options of Open, Save, and Save As.

We can implement these dialogs by using the standard Tkinter widgets. However, since these are so commonly used, a specific Tkinter module called filedialog has been included in the standard Tkinter distribution.

The source code of the filedialog module can be found within the Tkinter source code in a separate file named filedialog.py.

Example of filedialog

A quick look at the source code shows the following functions for our use:

Functions

Description

askopenfile

This returns the opened file object

askopenfilename

This returns the filename string, not the opened file object

askopenfilenames

This returns a list of filenames

askopenfiles

This returns a list of open file objects or an empty list if cancel is selected

asksaveasfile

This asks for a filename to save as and returns the opened file object

asksaveasfilename

This asks for a filename...

Working with message boxes

Now, let's complete the code for the About and Help menus. The functionality is simple. When a user clicks on the Help or About menu, a message window pops up and waits for the user to respond by clicking on a button. Though we can easily code new Toplevel windows to show the About and Help messages, we will instead use a module called messagebox to achieve this functionality.

The messagebox module provides ready-made message boxes to display a wide variety of messages in applications. The functions available through this module include showinfo, showwarning, showerror, askquestion, askokcancel, askyesno, askyesnocancel, and askretrycancel, as shown in the following screenshot:

To use this module, we simply import it into the current namespace by using the following command:

import tkinter.messagebox

A demonstration of the commonly used functions of messagebox is illustrated in 2.08.py in the code bundle. The following are some common usage patterns:

import tkinter...

The icons toolbar and View menu functions

In this iteration, we will add the following functionalities to the text editor:

  • Showing the shortcut icons on the toolbar

  • Displaying line numbers

  • Highlighting the current line

  • Changing the color theme of the editor

Let's start with a simple task first. In this step, we will add shortcut icons to the toolbar as shown in the following screenshot:

You may recall that we have already created a frame to hold these icons. Let's add these icons now.

While adding these icons, we have followed a convention. The icons have been named exactly the same as the corresponding function that handles them. Following this convention has enabled us to loop through a list, simultaneously apply the icon image to each button, and add the command callback from within the loop. All the icons have been placed in the icons folder.

The following code adds an icon (refer to 2.10.py in the code bundle):

icons = ('new_file', 'open_file', 'save', 'cut', 'copy', 'paste', 'undo', 'redo'...
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Key benefits

  • Conceptualize and build state-of-art GUI applications with Tkinter
  • Tackle the complexity of just about any size GUI application with a structured and scalable approach
  • A project-based, practical guide to get hands-on into Tkinter GUI development

Description

Tkinter is the built-in GUI package that comes with standard Python distributions. It is a cross-platform package, which means you build once and deploy everywhere. It is simple to use and intuitive in nature, making it suitable for programmers and non-programmers alike. This book will help you master the art of GUI programming. It delivers the bigger picture of GUI programming by building real-world, productive, and fun applications such as a text editor, drum machine, game of chess, media player, drawing application, chat application, screen saver, port scanner, and many more. In every project, you will build on the skills acquired in the previous project and gain more expertise. You will learn to write multithreaded programs, network programs, database driven programs and more. You will also get to know the modern best practices involved in writing GUI apps. With its rich source of sample code, you can build upon the knowledge gained with this book and use it in your own projects in the discipline of your choice.

Who is this book for?

Software developers, scientists, researchers, engineers, students, or programming hobbyists with basic familiarity in Python will find this book interesting and informative. People familiar with basic programming constructs in other programming language can also catch up with some brief reading on Python. No GUI programming experience is expected.

What you will learn

  • Get to know the basic concepts of GUI
  • programming, such as Tkinter top-level
  • widgets, geometry management, event
  • handling, using callbacks, custom styling,
  • and dialogs
  • Create apps that can be scaled in size or
  • complexity without breaking down the core
  • Write your own GUI framework for maximum
  • code reuse
  • Build apps using both procedural and OOP
  • styles, understanding the strengths and
  • limitations of both styles
  • Learn to structure and build large GUI
  • applications based on Model-View-Controller
  • (MVC) architecture
  • Build multithreaded and database-driven apps
  • Create apps that leverage resources from
  • the network
  • Learn basics of 2D and 3D animation in GUI
  • applications
  • Develop apps that can persist application
  • data with object serialization and tools such
  • as configparser
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Publication date : Nov 30, 2015
Length: 340 pages
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Category :
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Languages :
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Table of Contents

9 Chapters
1. Meet Tkinter Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
1. Meet Tkinter
Objectives of this chapter
Installing Python and Tkinter
Importing Tkinter
GUI programming – the big picture
The root window – your drawing board
Widgets – the building blocks of GUI programs
The Tkinter geometry manager
Events and callbacks – adding life to programs
Handling widget-specific variables
Event unbinding and virtual events
Doing it in style
Some common root window options
Summary
2. Making a Text Editor Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Making a Text Editor
Objectives of the chapter
An overview of the chapter
Setting up the editor skeleton
Adding a menu and menu items
Implementing the View menu
Adding a built-in functionality
Indexing and tagging
Implementing the Select All feature
Implementing the Find Text feature
Types of Toplevel windows
Working with forms and dialogs
Working with message boxes
The icons toolbar and View menu functions
Displaying the line number
Adding the cursor information bar
Adding themes
Creating the context/pop-up menu
Summary
3. Programmable Drum Machine Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Programmable Drum Machine
An overview of the chapter
Module requirements for the chapter
Setting up the GUI in OOP
Finalizing the data structure
Creating broader visual elements
Loading drum samples
Playing the drum machine
Tkinter and threading
Support for multiple beat patterns
Saving beat patterns
Working with ttk-themed widgets
Summary
4. A Game of Chess Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. A Game of Chess
An overview of the chapter
Structuring our program
Modeling the data structures
Creating a Piece class
Making the game functional
Managing user preferences
Summary
5. Building an Audio Player Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Building an Audio Player
An overview of the chapter
External library requirements
Program structure and broadview skeleton
Deciding the data structure
Creating the Player class
Adding and removing items from a playlist
Playing audio and adding audio controls
Creating a seek bar
One-time updates during audio playback
Managing continuous updates
Looping over tracks
Adding a tooltip
Summary
6. Paint Application Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Paint Application
Creating a tiny framework
Setting up a broad GUI structure
Dealing with mouse events
Adding toolbar buttons
Drawing items on the canvas
Adding a color palette
Adding top bar options for draw methods
Drawing irregular lines and super shapes
Adding functionality to the remaining buttons
Adding functionality to menu items
Summary
7. Multiple Fun Projects Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. Multiple Fun Projects
Chapter objectives
Building a screen saver
Building a Snake game
Creating a Weather Reporter
Creating a phone book application
Graphing with Tkinter
3D graphics with Tkinter
Summary
8. Miscellaneous Tips Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. Miscellaneous Tips
Chapter objectives
Tracing Tkinter variables
Widget traversal
Validating user input
Formatting widget data
More on fonts
Redirecting the command-line output to Tkinter
The class hierarchy of Tkinter
Tips for program design
Tips for program optimization
Distributing a Tkinter application
The limitations of Tkinter
Tkinter in Python 2.x
Summary
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index

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Customer reviews

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Rating distribution
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon 4
(28 Ratings)
5 star 57.1%
4 star 21.4%
3 star 3.6%
2 star 0%
1 star 17.9%
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Filter reviews by

pdxJaxon Mar 11, 2016
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
This book is Exceptional.I initially purchased it because I was struggling with the Tkinter libraries. Turns out this book is an excellent book on simply learning Python.This one book really gets a person jump started in Python.if you are new to Python, this book is a MUST BUY.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Tom Dettloff Jan 01, 2020
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
I most appreciated the volume of detail represented by the scripts and overviews in the book. It took awhile to get through it all but I must say that each project was quite an eye opener as to the scope of Tkinter usage. Definitely need to download the examples zip file.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Amazon Customer Feb 17, 2016
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
I wish I had found this book earlier. Lots of great examples. Excellent coding practice. Well worth the money.The book goes beyond Tkinter to include extension like ttk. It also offers excellent programming and program optimization advice. It would be helpful if the reader had some gui programming experience--if nothing else than to know the value of this book.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
William Fehlman Dec 21, 2015
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Finally an up-to-date guide with practical hands-on projects using Tkinter (“Tk interface”), the standard built-in GUI module in Python. This book presents the features and capabilities of Tkinter while demonstrating best practices involved in writing GUI programs with Tkinter and Python. It's obvious that the author has experience educating in the field of software development since he does an excellent job presenting and explaining the Python code.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
John L Stalder Aug 17, 2017
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
I have been trying to self-learn Python and how to make a reasonable GUI, but was struggling with too many new things to learn just to get started. This book was perfect! The first chapter very efficiently walks the reader through all the essential features and widgets to create GUI's for almost any imaginable task. Later chapters focus on detailed applications of what was given in summary form in chapter 1. I would recommend the free download of all the example code as it is tedious to type all the examples covered without a typo here or there resulting in debugging.
Amazon Verified review Amazon

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About the author

Profile icon Chaudhary
Chaudhary
Bhaskar Chaudhary is a professional programmer and information architect. He has a decade of experience in consulting, contracting, and educating in the field of software development. He has worked with a large set of programming languages on various platforms over the years. He is an electronics hobbyist and a musician in his free time.
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Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

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Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

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Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
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Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

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Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

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Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

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  4. Brunei Darussalam
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