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Rust Web Programming
Rust Web Programming

Rust Web Programming: A hands-on guide to developing, packaging, and deploying fully functional Rust web applications , Second Edition

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Rust Web Programming

A Quick Introduction to Rust

Rust is growing in popularity, but it has a steep learning curve. By covering the basic rules around Rust, as well as learning how to manipulate a range of data types and variables, we will be able to write simple programs in the same fashion as dynamically-typed languages using a similar number of lines of code.

The goal of this chapter is to cover the main differences between Rust and generic dynamic languages and to provide you with a quick understanding of how to utilize Rust.

In this chapter, we will cover the following topics:

  • Why is Rust revolutionary?
  • Reviewing data types and variables in Rust
  • Controlling variable ownership
  • Building structs
  • Metaprogramming with macros

Once we have covered the main concepts in this chapter, you will be able to code basic programs in Rust that will run. You will also be able to debug your programs and understand the error messages that are thrown by the Rust compiler. As a result...

Technical requirements

For this chapter, we only need access to the internet as we will be using the online Rust playground to implement the code. The code examples provided can be run in the online Rust playground at https://play.rust-lang.org/.

For detailed instructions, please refer to the file found here: https://github.com/PacktPublishing/Rust-Web-Programming-2nd-Edition/tree/main/chapter01

Why is Rust revolutionary?

With programming, there is usually a trade-off between speed and resources and development speed and safety. Low-level languages such as C/C++ can give the developer fine-grained control over the computer with fast code execution and minimal resource consumption. However, this is not free. Manual memory management can introduce bugs and security vulnerabilities. A simple example of this is a buffer overflow attack. This occurs when the programmer does not allocate enough memory. For instance, if the buffer only has a size of 15 bytes, and 20 bytes are sent, then the excess 5 bytes might be written past the boundary. An attacker can exploit this by passing in more bytes than the buffer can handle. This can potentially overwrite areas that hold executable code with their own code. There are other ways to exploit a program that does not have correctly managed memory. On top of increased vulnerabilities, it takes more code and time to solve a problem in a low...

Reviewing data types and variables in Rust

If you have coded in another language before, you will have used variables and handled different data types. However, Rust does have some quirks that can put off developers. This is especially true if the developer has come from a dynamic language, as these quirks mainly revolve around memory management and reference to variables. These can be intimidating initially, but when you get to understand them, you will learn to appreciate them. Some people might hear about these quirks and wonder why they should bother with the language at all. This is understandable, but these quirks are why Rust is such a paradigm-shifting language. Working with borrow checking and wrestling with concepts such as lifetimes and references gives us the high-level memory safety of a dynamic language such as Python. However, we can also get memory safe low-level resources such as those delivered by C and C++. This means that we do not have to worry about dangling pointers...

Controlling variable ownership

As we remember from the beginning of the chapter, Rust does not have a garbage collector. However, it has memory safety. It achieves this by having strict rules around variable ownership. These rules are enforced when Rust is being compiled. If you are coming from a dynamic language, then this can initially lead to frustration. This is known as fighting the borrow checker. Sadly, this unjustly gives Rust the false steep learning curve reputation, as when you are fighting the borrow checker without knowing what is going on, it can seem like an impossible task to get even the most basic programs written. However, if we take the time to learn the rules before we try and code anything too complex, the knowledge of the rules and the helpfulness of the compiler will make writing code in Rust fun and rewarding. Again, I take the time to remind you that Rust has been the most favorited language 7 years in a row. This is not because it’s impossible to get...

Building structs

In modern high-level dynamic languages, objects have been the bedrock for building big applications and solving complex problems, and for good reason. Objects enable us to encapsulate data, functionality, and behavior. In Rust, we do not have objects. However, we do have structs that can hold data in fields. We can then manage the functionality of these structs and group them together with traits. This is a powerful approach, and it gives us the benefits of objects without the high coupling, as highlighted in the following figure:

Figure 1.10 – Difference between Rust structs and objects

Figure 1.10 – Difference between Rust structs and objects

We will start with something basic by creating a Human struct with the following code:

#[derive(Debug)]
struct Human<'a> {
    name: &'a str,
    age: i8,
    current_thought: &'a str
}

In the preceding code, we can see that our string literal fields have...

Metaprogramming with macros

Metaprogramming can generally be described as a way in which the program can manipulate itself based on certain instructions. Considering the strong typing Rust has, one of the simplest ways in which we can meta program is by using generics. A classic example of demonstrating generics is through coordinates, as follows:

struct Coordinate <T> {
    x: T,
    y: T
}
fn main() {
    let one = Coordinate{x: 50, y: 50};
    let two = Coordinate{x: 500, y: 500};
    let three = Coordinate{x: 5.6, y: 5.6};
}

In the preceding snippet, we can see that the Coordinate struct managed to take in and handle three different types of numbers. We can add even more variance to the Coordinate struct so we can have two different types of numbers in one struct with the following code:

struct Coordinate <T, X> {
    x: T,
   ...

Summary

With Rust, we have seen that there are some traps when coming from a dynamic programming language background. However, with a little bit of knowledge of referencing and basic memory management, we can avoid common pitfalls and write safe, performant code quickly that can handle errors. By utilizing structs and traits, we can build objects that are analogous to classes in standard dynamic programming languages. On top of this, the traits enabled us to build mixin-like functionality. This not only enables us to slot in functionality when it’s useful to us but also perform checks on the structs through typing to ensure that the container or function is processing structs with certain attributes belonging to the trait that we can utilize in the code.

With our fully functioning structs, we bolted on even more functionality with macros and looked under the hood of basic macros by building our own capitalize function, giving us guidance for further reading and debugging...

Questions

  1. What is the difference between str and String?
  2. Why can’t string slices be passed into a function (string slice meaning str as opposed to &str)?
  3. How do we access the data belonging to a key in a HashMap?
  4. When a function results in an error, can we handle other processes, or will the error crash the program instantly?
  5. Why does Rust only allow one mutable borrow at a point in time?
  6. When would we need to define two different lifetimes in a function?
  7. How can structs link to the same struct via one of their fields?
  8. How can we add extra functionality to a struct where the functionality can also be implemented by other structs?
  9. How do we allow a container or function to accept different data structures?
  10. What’s the quickest way to add a trait, such as Copy, to a struct?

Answers

  1. String is a fixed-size reference stored in the stack that points to string-type data on the heap. str is an immutable sequence of bytes stored somewhere in memory. Because the size of str is unknown, it can only be handled by a &str pointer.
  2. Since we do not know the size of the string slice at compile time, we cannot allocate the correct amount of memory for it. Strings, on the other hand, have a fixed-size reference stored on the stack that points to the string slice on the heap. Because we know this fixed size of the string reference, we can allocate the correct amount of memory and pass it through to a function.
  3. We use the HashMap’s get function. However, we must remember that the get function merely returns an Option struct. If we are confident that there is something there or we want the program to crash if nothing is found, we can directly unwrap it. However, if we don’t want that, we can use a match statement and handle the Some and None...

Further reading

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Key benefits

  • Work with cutting-edge web techniques such as distroless Rust servers, Terraform, and AWS deployment
  • Get acquainted with async concepts such as actors and queuing tasks using lower-level frameworks like Tokio
  • Build a full web application in Rust with a database, authentication, and frontend

Description

Are safety and high performance a big concern for you while developing web applications? With this practical Rust book, you’ll discover how you can implement Rust on the web to achieve the desired performance and security as you learn techniques and tooling to build fully operational web apps. In this second edition, you’ll get hands-on with implementing emerging Rust web frameworks, including Actix, Rocket, and Hyper. It also features HTTPS configuration on AWS when deploying a web application and introduces you to Terraform for automating the building of web infrastructure on AWS. What’s more, this edition also covers advanced async topics. Built on the Tokio async runtime, this explores TCP and framing, implementing async systems with the actor framework, and queuing tasks on Redis to be consumed by a number of worker nodes. Finally, you’ll go over best practices for packaging Rust servers in distroless Rust Docker images with database drivers, so your servers are a total size of 50Mb each. By the end of this book, you’ll have confidence in your skills to build robust, functional, and scalable web applications from scratch.

Who is this book for?

This Rust programming book is for web developers who want to learn and implement Rust to build web applications. Developers familiar with languages such as Python, Ruby, and JS will be able to use this book to build high performant web apps with Rust. Although no prior experience in Rust is necessary, a solid understanding of web development principles, along with basic knowledge of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, is necessary to get the most out of this book.

What you will learn

  • Structure and build scalable Rust web apps by creating a basic to-do list web app
  • Manage authentication and databases in Rust web applications
  • Get to grips with wrapping web applications in distroless
  • Understand the building blocks of web development such as HTTPS, TCP, and middleware
  • Build app infrastructure on AWS using Terraform with databases, servers, load balancers, HTTPS, and URL routing
  • Build end-to-end tests using Postman
  • Build async systems implementing the actor model using Tokio
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Publication date : Jan 27, 2023
Length: 666 pages
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Language : English
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Table of Contents

26 Chapters
Part 1:Getting Started with Rust Web Development Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 1: A Quick Introduction to Rust Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 2: Designing Your Web Application in Rust Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Part 2:Processing Data and Managing Displays Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 3: Handling HTTP Requests Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 4: Processing HTTP Requests Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 5: Displaying Content in the Browser Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Part 3:Data Persistence Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 6: Data Persistence with PostgreSQL Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 7: Managing User Sessions Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 8: Building RESTful Services Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Part 4:Testing and Deployment Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 9: Testing Our Application Endpoints and Components Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 10: Deploying Our Application on AWS Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 11: Configuring HTTPS with NGINX on AWS Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Part 5:Making Our Projects Flexible Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 12: Recreating Our Application in Rocket Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 13: Best Practices for a Clean Web App Repository Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Part 6:Exploring Protocol Programming and Async Concepts with Low-Level Network Applications Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 14: Exploring the Tokio Framework Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 15: Accepting TCP Traffic with Tokio Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 16: Building Protocols on Top of TCP Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 17: Implementing Actors and Async with the Hyper Framework Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 18: Queuing Tasks with Redis Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Other Books You May Enjoy Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

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Amazon Customer Mar 13, 2023
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Overall I'd say the book is well structured, and fulfilled with the latest Web frameworks: Actix, Hyper, Rocket. I like the idea of using a concrete example to introduce these frameworks and I believe it's the most effective way to introduce new tools.Something I expected but now shown in this book: native HTTPS or TLS/SSL (introducing Rustls), detailed performance tweaking/analysis (since readers probably want to try Rust because of performance), MySQL or SQLite (more popular dbs for small business), advanced logging (like integration with sentry, etc)
Amazon Verified review Amazon
A. Zubarev Nov 01, 2023
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
The book is focused on what it promises and delivers.Despite I think this book is opinionated (the author chose the appropriate ways and platform to create the Web apps) it will take you the right alley to building a working Web App in Rust.Speaking of Rust and one of the several points to improve, the Rust programming language is not covered deep enough. So prepare to obtain supplementary material on Rust to cover its many topics more in-depth. Another weak topic is that the book concentrated on AWS as the Cloud provider. Why the other operators are important is because of the popularity of the multi-cloud deployments. Lastly, I wished the book had dedicated time to efficient debugging/TDE.Now when I covered the negatives or rather the critical aspects of what to expect I would like to give some praises:The breadth of the book is sheer, what I mean is it covers so many Rust frameworks and crates that a developer will find it useful to apply them in one case or another.The book is not limited to building a Web app in a single given way (multiple applications types are covered). The books goes beyond the regular Web development attributes into middleware (Redis, data persistence. etc.).Enjoy!
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Pankaj Singh Rathore May 14, 2023
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
I have thoroughly reviewed this book, and it proves to be an invaluable resource for learning Rust or solidifying your understanding of its fundamental concepts. I highly recommend purchasing this book if you are eager to learn Rust or become a proficient Rust programmer. It offers comprehensive insights and guidance that will greatly contribute to your mastery of Rust.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Amazon Customer Mar 12, 2023
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
This book seems to have a good coverage of various tools and libs needed for web development in Rust. This is the second edition of the book and it seems like author followed up on the feedback of certain libraries being versions behind (e.g. Actix Web). This 2nd edition added Rocket now.Glancing at few chapters it seems like the author provides a nice hands on approach to every piece of the web stack and presents it detailed step by step approach. On one had this consumes pages of the book but on another leave less room for confusion.Still reading but so far things are looking good.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Ernest Aitiev Jul 08, 2023
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Everything is as expected. The only thing is that the right bottom corner of the book is very dirty although the book is new
Amazon Verified review Amazon
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