To install Python, perform the following two steps:

At this stage, a new user could install the latest Python version. In other words, they could simply ignore the next section related to the version and go directly to the How to launch Python section.

Generally speaking, the following are the three ways to launch Python:

The three ways will be introduced in the How to launch Python?, Launch Python from Python command line, and The third way to launch Python sections.

One of the most frequently asked questions related to Python's installation is which version we should download. At this stage, any latest version would be fine, that is, the version does not matter. There are three reasons behind this statement:

Later in the book, we will explain the module dependency which is associated with a Python version. A module is a collection of many Python programs, written by one or a group of experts, to serve a special purpose. For example, we will discuss a module called Statsmodels, which is related to statistical and econometric models, linear regression and the like. Generally speaking, we have built-in modules, standard modules, third-party modules, and modules built by ourselves. We will spend several chapters on this important topic.

In this book, we will mention about two dozen modules. In particular, we will discuss in detail the NumPy, SciPy, Matplotlib, Pandas, and Statsmodels modules. The NumPy, Matplotlib, and Statsmodels modules depend on Python 2.7 or above. All these packages have different versions for Python 2.x (2.5-2.6 and above, depending on the case).

There are three ways to launch Python and they are explained in the following sections.

Launching Python with GUI

To launch Python, perform the following steps:

1. Click on Start and then on All Programs.
2. Find Python 3.3.
3. Click on IDLE (Python GUI) as shown in the following screenshot:
   
4. After Python starts, the following window appears:
   

Assume that an estimate of $100 is expected to be received in one year with an annual discount rate of 10 percent. The present value of one future cash flow is as follows:

In this equation, PV is the present value, FV is the future value, R is the discount rate, and n is the number of periods. According to the preceding formula, we could manually type those values to get the present value of this one future cash flow. Assume that we would receive $100 in one year. If the annual discount rate is 10 percent, what is the present value of this $100? For this, let's take a look at the following lines of code:

>>>100/(1+0.1)
90.9090909090909
>>>

Note

The triple larger than signs (>>>) is the Python prompt.

It is a good idea to create a Python icon on your desktops for your convenience. In addition to the preceding method, there are other methods to launch Python; see the next two sections: Launching Python from the Python command line and Launching Python from our own DOS window.

Launching Python from our own DOS window

We could generate our own DOS window, and then launch Python from there. In addition, we could navigate to the subdirectory, which contains our Python programs. In order to this, perform the following steps:

1. Open a Window command line by clicking on Start and then enter cmd in the run window as shown in the following screenshot:
   
2. Type cd c:\python33 to move to the appropriate directory.
3. Type python to run the software as shown in the following screenshot:

If we want to launch Python anywhere else, we have to include the path of our Python directory. Assume that after installation we have python33 in C:. Replace step 2 with the following DOS command:

set path=%path%;C:\python33

Usually, we have several ways to quit Python, which are as follows:

Later in the book, we will explain how to embed certain codes to quit Python when a currently running program is finished.

For the previous example, if we enter 100/(1+0.1)^2 instead of 100/(1+0.1), we will see the following error message, which tells us that ^ is not supported:

>>>100/(1+0.1)^2
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<psyhell#1>, line 1, in <module>
100/(1+0.1)^2
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for ^: 'float' and 'int'
>>>

At this stage, a new user needs to pay attention to the last sentence of the error message. Obviously, the last line tells us that ^ is not supported. Again, for a power function, we should use double multiplications, **, instead of a karat, ^. In Chapter 2, Using Python as an Ordinary Calculator, we will show that a true power function, pow(), is available.

Case sensitive means that x is different from X. The variable of John is different from the variable of john. If we assume a value for x (lowercase x) and then call X (uppercase X), we will see the following error message:

>>>x=2
>>>X
Traceback (most recent call last):
       File "<pyshell#1>", line 1, in <module>
           X
       NameError: name 'X' is not defined
>>>

In the preceding example, X is not assigned any value. Thus, when we call it by typing X, we will receive an error message. Note that the last line mentions NameError instead of TypeError. In Python, we use name for variables.

From the previous example, we know that after we assign a value to x, we can use x, which means that x is now defined in the sense of other computer languages such as FORTRAN and C/C++. The opposite is also true, that we could not use X if it is not assigned a value in Python. In other words, when we assign a value to X, we have to define it first. Compared to languages such as C++ or FORTRAN, we don't have to define x as an integer before we assign 10 to it.

Another advantage is that we could change the data type of a variable easily. For the FOTRAN language, if we have defined x as an integer, we cannot assign a string to it. Since there is only assignment in Python, we could assign any value to a variable. For example, we could assign 10 to x. It is legal to assign a string, such as Hello World, to x in the next minute. However, we should not be confused with the data type conversion, such as converting an integer to a string or vice versa. Conversion between different data types will be discussed in the later chapters.

After we launch Python, typing help() would initiate the help window (as shown in the following lines of code). The prompt of the help window is help>. To quit the help window, we simply press the Enter key once or type quit. After we quit the help window, the Python prompt of >>> would reappear. Now, we launch the help window as shown in the following lines of code:

>>>help()
Welcome to Python 3.3!  This is the interactive help utility.
If this is your first time using Python, you should definitely check out the tutorial on the Internet at http://docs.python.org/3.3/tutorial/.
Enter the name of any module, keyword, or topic to get help on writing Python programs and using Python modules.  To quit this help utility and return to the interpreter, just type "quit".
To get a list of available modules, keywords, or topics, type "modules", "keywords", or "topics".  Each module also comes with a one-line summary of what it does; to list the modules whose summaries contain a given word such as "spam", type "modules spam".
help>

After typing keywords, we will have the following information:

>>>help> keywords
Here is a list of the Python keywords.  Enter any keyword to get more help.
False       def         if               raise
None        del         import           return
True        elif        in               try
and         else        is               while
as          except     lambda            with
assert      finally    nonlocal          yield
break       for        not                 
class       from        or                  
continue    global      pass                

help>

On the other hand, after typing topics, we will see what is shown in the following screenshot:

At the moment, a new user doesn't need to understand those topics. Just remember that we have a command to show us all the topics we could use.

There are many ways to find Python manuals and other related materials online. We just mentioned two ways: from your computer and from the Python home. These two ways are explained in details as follows:

To implement the first method (to have it manually installed on your computer), we need to perform the following steps:

From the Python home, the following documents can be downloaded:

For new Python learners, the following are the web pages where they could find many tutorial materials related to Python learning:

When Python is launched, the first line will show our current version. Another way is to issue the following two lines of Python code after we launch Python:

>>>import sys
>>>sys.version
'3.3.2 (v3.3.2:d047928ae3f6, May 16 2013, 00:03:43) [MSC v.1600 32 bit (Intel)]'
>>>

The first line of command imports a module called sys. A module is a collection of many Python programs serving a special purpose. Understanding a module is critical in learning Python. We will discuss this in more detail in Chapter 5, Introduction to Modules; Chapter 6, Introduction to NumPy and SciPy; Chapter 7, Visual Finance via Matplotlib; and Chapter 8, Statistical Analysis of Time Series.

In this chapter, we learned how to install Python and other related issues, such as how to launch and quit Python, whether Python is case sensitive, and a few simple examples. Since it's a simple and straightforward explanation, any reader who is new to Python could easily download and install Python in a few minutes. After that, they could try a few given examples. We also offered a brief introduction as to why we adopt Python as our computational tool, and what the advantages and disadvantages are of using Python.

In the next chapter, you will learn some basic concepts and several frequently used Python built-in functions. We will demonstrate how to use Python as an ordinary calculator to solve many finance-related problems. For example, we could estimate the present value of one future cash flow, the future value of one cash flow today, the present value of a perpetuity, or the present value of a growing perpetuity. In addition, we will discuss the dir(), type(), floor(), round(), and help() functions.

1. Use a few sentences to describe the Python software.

2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using Python as our computational tool?

3. Where can we download and install Python?

4. Is Python case sensitive? What is the basic rule to define various variables (names)?

5. Can we use a variable without defining it first?

6. Is it possible that we use a variable before we assign a value to it?

7. Is the version of Python important at this stage? Is the version of Python important later in the book?

8. In how many ways can we launch Python?

9. Where can we find videos on how to install Python?

10. What is the URL for Python's homepage?

11. Estimate the area of a circle if the diameter is 10 using Python.

12. How do you assign a value to a new variable?

13. How can you find some sample examples related to Python?

14. How do you launch Python's help function?

15. Where is the location of Python on your PC (Mac)? How do we find the path?

16. What is the difference between defining a variable and assigning a value to it?