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Home > Programming > Version Control > Git Best Practices Guide
Git Best Practices Guide
Git Best Practices Guide

Git Best Practices Guide: Master the best practices of Git with the help of real-time scenarios to maximize team efficiency and workflow

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Git Best Practices Guide

Chapter 2. Working in a Team Using Git

This chapter introduces the aim of Git: team work.

A lot of programmers use Git every day; however often, they are not working alone but as part of a team. Git is a powerful versioning tool to work together, without erasing someone else's content. In the examples of this chapter, we will use the following conditions:

  • Three programmers working together on a simple website project
  • They install Git, but nothing is created
  • They own a dedicated server with Git, SSH, and GitLab installed on it

Creating a server repository

In the first chapter, we saw how to create a simple local Git repository, but now, it's time to create a server repository that will store and manage the code. Of course, for our example, it will be created by GitLab, but not everyone wants GitLab or GitHub.

Note

A server repository, also called "bare repository", is a Git repository without a working copy.

Git can use four protocols to transport data:

  • Local
  • Secure Shell (SSH)
  • Git
  • HTTP

We will see how and when to use these protocols. We will also distinguish between the pros and cons of each protocol.

For all protocols, we have to create the bare repository by executing these lines on the server's command lines.

Erik@server:~$ mkdir webproject
#Create the folder
Erik@server:~$ cd webproject
#go inside it
Erik@server:~/webproject$ git init --bare 
Initialized empty Git repository in /home/erik/webproject

With these commands, we create a directory web project and initialize an empty Git bare repository...

Pushing data on remote repositories – Jim's case

So, Jim initializes a new Git repository in the directory, where he starts coding, and he adds the remote repository with the SSH protocol. He has to commit and push what he coded earlier. This is how he did it:

Jim@local:~/webproject$ git add .
Jim@local:~/webproject$ git commit -m 'add my code'
[master (commit racine) 83fcc8a] add my code
2 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
create mode 100644 index.html
create mode 100644 readme.txt
Jim@local:~/webproject$ git push –u origin master
Counting objects: 3, done.
Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 225 bytes | 0 byte/s, done.
Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)

Now, the remote repository contains two files (index.html and readme.txt).

Pulling data from the repository

The other programmers have to pull data to get the new files.

Note

Every time you start working on a project, you have to pull data from the remote repository to maintain and ensure that the code is up to date.

The following command is used to pull data:

Erik@local:~/webproject$ git pull origin master

This command will check and compare your local commit hash to the remote hash. If the remote is the latest, it will try to merge data with the local master branch. This command is the equivalent of executing git fetch (get remote data) and git merge (merge to your branch).

The name of one of our remote repository is origin, and master is the current local branch.

Creating a patch

Let's explain what a patch is with an example. An external programmer was called by Jim to make small fixes in a part of the project, but Jim didn't want to give him access to the repository, thus preventing him from pushing data. So, he decides to make a patch and sends it by e-mail to Jim:

External@local:~/webproject$ git format-patch origin patch-webproject.patch

This command will create .patch files per commit and the external programmer will send the e-mail with it. So, he decides to make a patch and send it by e-mail to Jim.

Jim can import the patch by executing this:

Jim@local:~/webproject$ git apply /tmp/patch-webproject.patch

This command will apply the patch, but it doesn't create commits.

So, to generate a series of commits, use the git am command:

Jim@local:~/webproject$ git am /tmp/patch-webproject.patch

Working with branches

Git allows you to create branches, that is, named pointers to commits. You can work on different branches independently from each other. The default branch is most often called master.

A branch pointer in Git is 41 bytes large: 40 bytes of characters and an additional new line character. So, it explains why Git is very fast and cheap in terms of resource consumption.

If you decide to work on a branch, you have to checkout the branch. This means that Git restructures the working tree with the content of the commit to which the branch points and moves the HEAD pointer to the new branch.

The first command to know is:

Jim@local:~/webproject$ git branch

This command will display all available local branches for the repository. Inside the given list, the current working branch has the prefix *.

If you want to see all branches, including the remote branches, you will have to execute the following command:

Jim@local:~/webproject$ git branch -a

Creating a branch

You can create a branch...

Creating a server repository

In the first chapter, we saw how to create a simple local Git repository, but now, it's time to create a server repository that will store and manage the code. Of course, for our example, it will be created by GitLab, but not everyone wants GitLab or GitHub.

Note

A server repository, also called "bare repository", is a Git repository without a working copy.

Git can use four protocols to transport data:

  • Local

  • Secure Shell (SSH)

  • Git

  • HTTP

We will see how and when to use these protocols. We will also distinguish between the pros and cons of each protocol.

For all protocols, we have to create the bare repository by executing these lines on the server's command lines.

Erik@server:~$ mkdir webproject
#Create the folder
Erik@server:~$ cd webproject
#go inside it
Erik@server:~/webproject$ git init --bare 
Initialized empty Git repository in /home/erik/webproject

With these commands, we create a directory web project and initialize an empty Git bare repository.

Local

The local protocol...

Pushing data on remote repositories – Jim's case

So, Jim initializes a new Git repository in the directory, where he starts coding, and he adds the remote repository with the SSH protocol. He has to commit and push what he coded earlier. This is how he did it:

Jim@local:~/webproject$ git add .
Jim@local:~/webproject$ git commit -m 'add my code'
[master (commit racine) 83fcc8a] add my code
2 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
create mode 100644 index.html
create mode 100644 readme.txt
Jim@local:~/webproject$ git push –u origin master
Counting objects: 3, done.
Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 225 bytes | 0 byte/s, done.
Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)

Now, the remote repository contains two files (index.html and readme.txt).

Pulling data from the repository

The other programmers have to pull data to get the new files.

Note

Every time you start working on a project, you have to pull data from the remote repository to maintain and ensure that the code is up to date.

The following command is used to pull data:

Erik@local:~/webproject$ git pull origin master

This command will check and compare your local commit hash to the remote hash. If the remote is the latest, it will try to merge data with the local master branch. This command is the equivalent of executing git fetch (get remote data) and git merge (merge to your branch).

The name of one of our remote repository is origin, and master is the current local branch.

Creating a patch

Let's explain what a patch is with an example. An external programmer was called by Jim to make small fixes in a part of the project, but Jim didn't want to give him access to the repository, thus preventing him from pushing data. So, he decides to make a patch and sends it by e-mail to Jim:

External@local:~/webproject$ git format-patch origin patch-webproject.patch

This command will create .patch files per commit and the external programmer will send the e-mail with it. So, he decides to make a patch and send it by e-mail to Jim.

Jim can import the patch by executing this:

Jim@local:~/webproject$ git apply /tmp/patch-webproject.patch

This command will apply the patch, but it doesn't create commits.

So, to generate a series of commits, use the git am command:

Jim@local:~/webproject$ git am /tmp/patch-webproject.patch

Working with branches

Git allows you to create branches, that is, named pointers to commits. You can work on different branches independently from each other. The default branch is most often called master.

A branch pointer in Git is 41 bytes large: 40 bytes of characters and an additional new line character. So, it explains why Git is very fast and cheap in terms of resource consumption.

If you decide to work on a branch, you have to checkout the branch. This means that Git restructures the working tree with the content of the commit to which the branch points and moves the HEAD pointer to the new branch.

The first command to know is:

Jim@local:~/webproject$ git branch

This command will display all available local branches for the repository. Inside the given list, the current working branch has the prefix *.

If you want to see all branches, including the remote branches, you will have to execute the following command:

Jim@local:~/webproject$ git branch -a

Creating a branch

You can create a...

Tracking branches

With Git, a branch can track another branch. This allows you to use the commands pull and push, without specifying the branch and repository.

For example, if you clone a Git repository, your local master branch is created as a tracking branch for the master branch of the origin repository.

To set up a tracking branch, execute this:

Jim@local:~/webproject$ git checkout -b new_branch origin/branch_to_track
#Or you can use this
Jim@local:~/webproject$ git branch new_branch origin/master
Jim@local:~/webproject$ git branch --track new_branch origin/master

Similarly, you can specify to not track a remote branch:

Jim@local:~/webproject$ git branch --no-track new_branch origin/master
#You can later update this branch and track origin/master
Jim@local:~/webproject$ git branch -u origin/master new_branch

Deleting a branch from the remote

Use this command if you want to delete a branch in the remote repository:

Erik@local:~/webproject$ git branch -d origin/test
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Description

If you are a developer and you want to completely master Git without heavy theory, this is the book for you. A reasonable knowledge level and basic understanding of Git concepts will get you started with this book.

What you will learn

  • Create a Git repository and learn how to push your code to the repository Discover the easiest Git commands to use and manage your repository Learn how to find and resolve conflicts and mistakes Explore Git with your team members using commands such as clone, pull, and branch Set up Git for Continuous Integration to improve workflow Understand tag commits for mapping the application version An introduction to repository management and other Git tools
Estimated delivery fee Deliver to Italy

Premium delivery 7 - 10 business days

€17.95
(Includes tracking information)

Product Details

Country selected
Publication date, Length, Edition, Language, ISBN-13
Publication date : Nov 20, 2014
Length: 102 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781783553730
Vendor :
GitHub
Category :
Programming
Concepts :
Version Control
Tools :
Git

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Estimated delivery fee Deliver to Italy

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(Includes tracking information)

Product Details

Publication date : Nov 20, 2014
Length: 102 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781783553730
Vendor :
GitHub
Category :
Programming
Concepts :
Version Control
Tools :
Git

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Frequently bought together

Git Version Control Cookbook
Git Version Control Cookbook
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Git Best Practices Guide
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Table of Contents

6 Chapters
1. Starting a Git Repository Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
1. Starting a Git Repository
Configuring Git
Initializing a new repository
Cloning an existent repository
Working with the repository
Summary
2. Working in a Team Using Git Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Working in a Team Using Git
Creating a server repository
Pushing data on remote repositories – Jim's case
Pulling data from the repository
Creating a patch
Working with branches
Tracking branches
Merging
Rebase
Cherry-pick
Using tags
Summary
3. Finding and Resolving Conflicts Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Finding and Resolving Conflicts
Finding content inside your repository
Stashing your changes
Cleaning your mistakes
Fixing errors by practical examples
Summary
4. Going Deeper into Git Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Going Deeper into Git
Migrating an SVN repository to Git
Using Git within an SVN environment
Managing Git submodules
Creating and applying patches
Git hooks
Customizing Git
Summary
5. Using Git for Continuous Integration Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Using Git for Continuous Integration
Creating an efficient branching system
Working with Continuous Integration using Git
Git tools you might like
Summary
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index

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R. Wenner Apr 13, 2015
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First and most annoyingly, the title is misleading. This is not a Best Practices book, this is the bare minimum of commands, cobbled together for people who never used git before. Only the last chapter gets into actual practices, but it is nothing more than an commentated rehash of blog posts on that topic.The book shows commands but does not explain the "why" behind them. For example, it tells you that you can push changes, but does not mention what pushing means or when and why you would do it. It tells you that you can have tracked and untracked branches, but does not say anything on why or why not you would want to do that. It does not even tell anything on why you would want branches at all. From a book called "Best Practices" I would expect a discussion on how to set up my branches and when to merge them. The author explains how you run the rebase command, but not why. From a BestPractices book I expect the pros and cons of rebasing and when and when not to use it.The book is incomplete; it refers to private and public branches without explaining what these are.Some example commands don't work as given. And that is not only because of missing spaces or e.g. botched stash names (stash@"1} instead of stash@{1}). Did this book have a copy editor?Some explanations are imprecise or plain wrong. For example, contrary to what the author states, git status does not magically print which files "need to be pushed". (How could it know what makes sense to push?) While the author mentions pros and cons of different repository access protocols, he doesn't even mention "encryption" when talking about SSH. When the author briefly touches on semantic versioning, he only mentions bug fixes, and as a beginner you may wonder how features fit in here. A hook script uses a /bin/sh shebang line and the author claims it's a bash script. Have fun with that on a system where /bin/sh does not default to bash, like Debian.
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About the author

Profile icon PIDOUX Eric
PIDOUX Eric
Eric Pidoux has a Master's degree in Computer Science from Miage Aix-Marseille and is currently working as a lead web developer at createur.ch, Lausanne, Switzerland. He started learning PHP 10 years ago and is now a Symfony2 ninja who likes coding as well as drinking beer. He has worked as a technical reviewer on GitLab Repository Management and Extending Symfony2 Web Application Framework, both by Packt Publishing.
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For example:

  • If you live in Mexico, and the declared value of your ordered items is over $ 50, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 19% which will be $ 9.50 to the courier service.
  • Whereas if you live in Turkey, and the declared value of your ordered items is over € 22, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 18% which will be € 3.96 to the courier service.
How can I cancel my order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Cancellation Policy for Published Printed Books:

You can cancel any order within 1 hour of placing the order. Simply contact customercare@packt.com with your order details or payment transaction id. If your order has already started the shipment process, we will do our best to stop it. However, if it is already on the way to you then when you receive it, you can contact us at customercare@packt.com using the returns and refund process.

Please understand that Packt Publishing cannot provide refunds or cancel any order except for the cases described in our Return Policy (i.e. Packt Publishing agrees to replace your printed book because it arrives damaged or material defect in book), Packt Publishing will not accept returns.

What is your returns and refunds policy? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Return Policy:

We want you to be happy with your purchase from Packtpub.com. We will not hassle you with returning print books to us. If the print book you receive from us is incorrect, damaged, doesn't work or is unacceptably late, please contact Customer Relations Team on customercare@packt.com with the order number and issue details as explained below:

  1. If you ordered (eBook, Video or Print Book) incorrectly or accidentally, please contact Customer Relations Team on customercare@packt.com within one hour of placing the order and we will replace/refund you the item cost.
  2. Sadly, if your eBook or Video file is faulty or a fault occurs during the eBook or Video being made available to you, i.e. during download then you should contact Customer Relations Team within 14 days of purchase on customercare@packt.com who will be able to resolve this issue for you.
  3. You will have a choice of replacement or refund of the problem items.(damaged, defective or incorrect)
  4. Once Customer Care Team confirms that you will be refunded, you should receive the refund within 10 to 12 working days.
  5. If you are only requesting a refund of one book from a multiple order, then we will refund you the appropriate single item.
  6. Where the items were shipped under a free shipping offer, there will be no shipping costs to refund.

On the off chance your printed book arrives damaged, with book material defect, contact our Customer Relation Team on customercare@packt.com within 14 days of receipt of the book with appropriate evidence of damage and we will work with you to secure a replacement copy, if necessary. Please note that each printed book you order from us is individually made by Packt's professional book-printing partner which is on a print-on-demand basis.

What tax is charged? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Currently, no tax is charged on the purchase of any print book (subject to change based on the laws and regulations). A localized VAT fee is charged only to our European and UK customers on eBooks, Video and subscriptions that they buy. GST is charged to Indian customers for eBooks and video purchases.

What payment methods can I use? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

You can pay with the following card types:

  1. Visa Debit
  2. Visa Credit
  3. MasterCard
  4. PayPal
What is the delivery time and cost of print books? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela