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Mastering Machine Learning with R, Second Edition
Mastering Machine Learning with R, Second Edition

Mastering Machine Learning with R, Second Edition: Advanced prediction, algorithms, and learning methods with R 3.x , Second Edition

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Mastering Machine Learning with R, Second Edition

Linear Regression - The Blocking and Tackling of Machine Learning

"Some people try to find things in this game that don't exist, but football is only two things - blocking and tackling."
                                                                    - Vince Lombardi, Hall of Fame Football Coach

It is important that we get started with a simple, yet extremely effective technique that has been used for a long time: linear regression. Albert Einstein is believed to have remarked at one time or another that things should be made as simple as possible, but no simpler. This is sage advice and a good rule of thumb in the development of algorithms for machine learning. Considering the other techniques that we will discuss later, there...

Univariate linear regression

We begin by looking at a simple way to predict a quantitative response, Y, with one predictor variable, x, assuming that Y has a linear relationship with x. The model for this can be written as, Y = B0 + B1x + e. We can state it as the expected value of Y being a function of the parameters B0 (the intercept) plus B1 (the slope) times x, plus an error term e. The least squares approach chooses the model parameters that minimize the Residual Sum of Squares (RSS) of the predicted y values versus the actual Y values. For a simple example, let's say we have the actual values of Y1 and Y2 equal to 10 and 20 respectively, along with the predictions of y1 and y2 as 12 and 18. To calculate RSS, we add the squared differences RSS = (Y1 - y1)2 + (Y2 - y2)2, which, with simple substitution, yields (10 - 12)2 + (20 - 18)2 = 8.

I once remarked to a peer during our Lean Six Sigma Black Belt training...

Multivariate linear regression

You may be asking yourself whether you will ever have just one predictor variable in the real world. That is indeed a fair question and certainly a very rare case (time series can be a common exception). Most likely, several, if not many, predictor variables or features--as they are affectionately termed in machine learning--will have to be included in your model. And with that, let's move on to multivariate linear regression and a new business case.

Business understanding

In keeping with the water conservation/prediction theme, let's look at another dataset in the alr3 package, appropriately named water. During the writing of the first edition of this book, the severe drought in Southern California caused much alarm...

Other linear model considerations

Before moving on, there are two additional linear model topics that we need to discuss. The first is the inclusion of a qualitative feature, and the second is an interaction term; both are explained in the following sections.

Qualitative features

A qualitative feature, also referred to as a factor, can take on two or more levels such as Male/Female or Bad/Neutral/Good. If we have a feature with two levels, say gender, then we can create what is known as an indicator or dummy feature, arbitrarily assigning one level as 0 and the other as 1. If we create a model with just the indicator, our linear model would still follow the same formulation as before, that is, Y = B0 + B1x + e. If we code the feature as male being equal to 0 and...

Summary

In the context of machine learning, we train a model and test it to predict or forecast an outcome. In this chapter, we had an in-depth look at the simple yet extremely effective method of linear regression to predict a quantitative response. Later chapters will cover more advanced techniques, but many of them are mere extensions of what we have learned in this chapter. We discussed the problem of not visually inspecting the dataset and simply relying on the statistics to guide you in model selection.

With just a few lines of code, you can make powerful and insightful predictions to support decision-making. Not only is it simple and effective, but also you can include quantitative variables and interaction terms among the features. Indeed, this is a method that anyone delving into the world of machine learning must master.

...
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Key benefits

  • Understand and apply machine learning methods using an extensive set of R packages such as XGBOOST
  • Understand the benefits and potential pitfalls of using machine learning methods such as Multi-Class Classification and Unsupervised Learning
  • Implement advanced concepts in machine learning with this example-rich guide

Description

This book will teach you advanced techniques in machine learning with the latest code in R 3.3.2. You will delve into statistical learning theory and supervised learning; design efficient algorithms; learn about creating Recommendation Engines; use multi-class classification and deep learning; and more. You will explore, in depth, topics such as data mining, classification, clustering, regression, predictive modeling, anomaly detection, boosted trees with XGBOOST, and more. More than just knowing the outcome, you’ll understand how these concepts work and what they do. With a slow learning curve on topics such as neural networks, you will explore deep learning, and more. By the end of this book, you will be able to perform machine learning with R in the cloud using AWS in various scenarios with different datasets.

Who is this book for?

This book is for data science professionals, data analysts, or anyone with a working knowledge of machine learning, with R who now want to take their skills to the next level and become an expert in the field.

What you will learn

  • Gain deep insights into the application of machine learning tools in the industry
  • Manipulate data in R efficiently to prepare it for analysis
  • Master the skill of recognizing techniques for effective visualization of data
  • Understand why and how to create test and training data sets for analysis
  • Master fundamental learning methods such as linear and logistic regression
  • Comprehend advanced learning methods such as support vector machines
  • Learn how to use R in a cloud service such as Amazon
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Length: 420 pages
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Language : English
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Table of Contents

16 Chapters
A Process for Success Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Linear Regression - The Blocking and Tackling of Machine Learning Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Logistic Regression and Discriminant Analysis Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Advanced Feature Selection in Linear Models Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
More Classification Techniques - K-Nearest Neighbors and Support Vector Machines Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Classification and Regression Trees Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Neural Networks and Deep Learning Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Cluster Analysis Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Principal Components Analysis Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Market Basket Analysis, Recommendation Engines, and Sequential Analysis Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Creating Ensembles and Multiclass Classification Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Time Series and Causality Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Text Mining Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
R on the Cloud Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
R Fundamentals Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Sources Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

Rating distribution
Full star icon Full star icon Half star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 2.8
(4 Ratings)
5 star 0%
4 star 50%
3 star 0%
2 star 25%
1 star 25%
Bluebird Sep 03, 2017
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon 4
Yes the book is worth reading. The only con is black and white pic.. Which is not too bad.apart, the book is not for starters but for the people who what deep understanding of ML. It do not contain a to z but what ever it cover it is good
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Nick P Jan 31, 2018
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon 4
Highly recommend it to any student taking a finance or statics class.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Amazon Customer May 24, 2017
Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 2
The book was not up to the expectations. They used very cheap paper printing is not good and also some pages are not visible to read.Content wise is also not no real time data sets used all they used toy data sets no clear explanation also as the name says "Mastering" but its notI bought "Machine learning with r from Packt" publications.That was very good.setting the expectaions from packt i bought but it is not worth.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Jose Luis Oct 05, 2017
Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 1
Sometimes, the code in the book doesn't work (R shows error messages and stop running the code) because the data doesn't meet the function requirements.Charts are duplicated / missed what makes not possible to follow the examples properly.This book can be used to get notions about the process but not not master ML with R unless you have R and stats knowledge that enables you to rewrite some code.I have been sending the erratas to the publisher without any respond so far.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
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