Introduction

Finance is the study and management of money, investments, the creation of money, and other financial instruments to maximize wealth and minimize risk. The current global financial system operates through a complex network of financial markets, institutions, and intermediaries, with the goal of facilitating the efficient allocation of financial resources. Financial markets, such as stock exchanges and bond markets, serve as venues for buying and selling financial assets. Financial institutions, such as banks and investment firms, play a crucial role in intermediating between borrowers and lenders and providing financial services to their clients. Regulators, such as government agencies, are responsible for overseeing and regulating financial institutions and markets to ensure their safe and sound operation and to protect consumers. Investors, such as individuals, institutions, and organizations, invest in financial assets to generate returns and manage financial risk...