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Home > Programming > Reactive Programming > Clojure Reactive Programming
Clojure Reactive Programming
Clojure Reactive Programming

Clojure Reactive Programming: Design and implement highly reusable reactive applications by integrating different frameworks with Clojure

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Clojure Reactive Programming

Chapter 2. A Look at Reactive Extensions

Reactive Extensions—or Rx—is a Reactive Programming library from Microsoft to build complex asynchronous programs. It models time-varying values and events as observable sequences and is implemented by extending the Observer design pattern.

Its first target platform was .NET, but Netflix has ported Rx to the JVM under the name RxJava. Microsoft also develops and maintains a port of Rx to JavaScript called RxJS, which is the tool we used to build the sine-wave application. The two ports work a treat for us since Clojure runs on the JVM and ClojureScript in JavaScript environments.

As we saw in Chapter 1, What is Reactive Programming?, Rx is inspired by Functional Reactive Programming but uses different terminology. In FRP, the two main abstractions are behaviors and events. Although the implementation details are different, observable sequences represent events. Rx also provides a behavior-like abstraction through another data...

The Observer pattern revisited

In Chapter 1, What is Reactive Programming?, we saw a brief overview of the Observer design pattern and a simple implementation of it in Clojure using watches. Here's how we did it:

(def numbers (atom []))

(defn adder [key ref old-state new-state]
  (print "Current sum is " (reduce + new-state)))

(add-watch numbers :adder adder)

In the preceding example, our observable subject is the var, numbers. The observer is the adder watch. When the observable changes, it pushes its changes to the observer synchronously.

Now, contrast this to working with sequences:

(->> [1 2 3 4 5 6]
     (map inc)
     (filter even?)
     (reduce +))

This time around, the vector is the subject being observed and the functions processing it can be thought of as the observers. However, this works in a pull-based model. The vector doesn't push any elements down the sequence. Instead, map and friends ask the sequence for more elements. This is a synchronous operation...

Creating Observables

This chapter is all about Reactive Extensions, so let's go ahead and create a project called rx-playground that we will be using in our exploratory tour. We will use RxClojure (see https://github.com/ReactiveX/RxClojure), a library that provides Clojure bindings for RxJava() (see https://github.com/ReactiveX/RxJava):

$ lein new rx-playground

Open the project file and add a dependency on RxJava's Clojure bindings:

(defproject rx-playground "0.1.0-SNAPSHOT"
  :description "FIXME: write description"
  :url "http://example.com/FIXME"
  :license {:name "Eclipse Public License"
            :url "http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-v10.html"}
  :dependencies [[org.clojure/clojure "1.5.1"]
                 [io.reactivex/rxclojure "1.0.0"]])"]])

Now, fire up a REPL in the project's root directory so that we can start creating some observables:

$ lein repl

The first thing we need to do is import...

Manipulating Observables

Now that we know how to create observables, we should look at what kinds of interesting things we can do with them. In this section, we will see what it means to treat Observables as sequences.

We'll start with something simple. Let's print the sum of the first five positive even integers from an observable of all integers:

(rx/subscribe (->> (Observable/interval 1 TimeUnit/MICROSECONDS)
                   (rx/filter even?)
                   (rx/take 5)
                   (rx/reduce +))
                   prn-to-repl)

This is starting to look awfully familiar to us. We create an interval that will emit all positive integers starting at zero every 1 microsecond. Then, we filter all even numbers in this observable. Obviously, this is too big a list to handle, so we simply take the first five elements from it. Finally, we reduce the value using +. The result is 20.

To drive home the point that programming with observables really is just like operating...

Flatmap and friends

In the previous section, we learned how to transform and combine observables with operations such as map, reduce, and zip. However, the two observables above—musicians and bands—were perfectly capable of producing values on their own. They did not need any extra input.

In this section, we examine a different scenario: we'll learn how we can combine observables, where the output of one is the input of another. We encountered flatmap before in Chapter 1, What is Reactive Programming? If you have been wondering what its role is, this section addresses exactly that.

Here's what we are going to do: given an observable representing a list of all positive integers, we'll calculate the factorial for all even numbers in that list. Since the list is too big, we'll take five items from it. The end result should be the factorials of 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8, respectively.

The first thing we need is a function to calculate the factorial of a number n, as well...

Error handling

A very important aspect of building reliable applications is knowing what to do when things go wrong. It is naive to assume that the network is reliable, that hardware won't fail, or that we, as developers, won't make mistakes.

RxJava embraces this fact and provides a rich set of combinators to deal with failure, a few of which we examine here.

OnError

Let's get started by creating a badly behaved observable that always throws an exception:

(defn exceptional-obs []
  (rx/observable*
   (fn [observer]
     (rx/on-next observer (throw (Exception. "Oops. Something went wrong")))
     (rx/on-completed observer))))

Now let's watch what happens if we subscribe to it:

(rx/subscribe (->> (exceptional-obs)
                   (rx/map inc))
              (fn [v] (prn-to-repl "result is " v)))

;; Exception Oops. Something went wrong  rx-playground.core/exceptional-obs/fn--1505

The exception thrown by exceptional-obs isn't caught anywhere so...

The Observer pattern revisited

In Chapter 1, What is Reactive Programming?, we saw a brief overview of the Observer design pattern and a simple implementation of it in Clojure using watches. Here's how we did it:

(def numbers (atom []))

(defn adder [key ref old-state new-state]
  (print "Current sum is " (reduce + new-state)))

(add-watch numbers :adder adder)

In the preceding example, our observable subject is the var, numbers. The observer is the adder watch. When the observable changes, it pushes its changes to the observer synchronously.

Now, contrast this to working with sequences:

(->> [1 2 3 4 5 6]
     (map inc)
     (filter even?)
     (reduce +))

This time around, the vector is the subject being observed and the functions processing it can be thought of as the observers. However, this works in a pull-based model. The vector doesn't push any elements down the sequence. Instead, map and friends ask the sequence for more elements. This is a synchronous operation.

Rx makes sequences...

Creating Observables

This chapter is all about Reactive Extensions, so let's go ahead and create a project called rx-playground that we will be using in our exploratory tour. We will use RxClojure (see https://github.com/ReactiveX/RxClojure), a library that provides Clojure bindings for RxJava() (see https://github.com/ReactiveX/RxJava):

$ lein new rx-playground

Open the project file and add a dependency on RxJava's Clojure bindings:

(defproject rx-playground "0.1.0-SNAPSHOT"
  :description "FIXME: write description"
  :url "http://example.com/FIXME"
  :license {:name "Eclipse Public License"
            :url "http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-v10.html"}
  :dependencies [[org.clojure/clojure "1.5.1"]
                 [io.reactivex/rxclojure "1.0.0"]])"]])

Now, fire up a REPL in the project's root directory so that we can start creating some observables:

$ lein repl

The first thing we need to do is import RxClojure, so let's get this out of the way by typing the following in the REPL:

(require...
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Description

If you are a Clojure developer who is interested in using Reactive Programming to build asynchronous and concurrent applications, this book is for you. Knowledge of Clojure and Leiningen is required. Basic understanding of ClojureScript will be helpful for the web chapters, although it is not strictly necessary.

What you will learn

  • Understand the key abstractions of Functional Reactive Programming (FRP) and Compositional Event Systems (CES)
  • Discover how to think in terms of timevarying values and event streams
  • Create, compose, and transform Observable sequences with Reactive Extensions
  • Create a CES framework from scratch using core.async as its foundation
  • Build a simple ClojureScript game using Reagi
  • Integrate Om and RxJS in a web application
  • Implement a reactive API to Amazon Web Services
  • Discover approaches to backpressure and error handling
  • Get to grips with futures and learn where they fit in
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Publication date : Mar 23, 2015
Length: 232 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781783986668
Vendor :
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Category :
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Languages :
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Concepts :
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Publication date : Mar 23, 2015
Length: 232 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781783986668
Vendor :
Eclipse Foundation
Category :
Programming
Languages :
Clojure
Concepts :
Reactive Programming

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Table of Contents

12 Chapters
1. What is Reactive Programming? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
1. What is Reactive Programming?
A taste of Reactive Programming
A bit of history
Signals and events
Implementation challenges
Applications of FRP
Summary
2. A Look at Reactive Extensions Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. A Look at Reactive Extensions
The Observer pattern revisited
Creating Observables
Manipulating Observables
Flatmap and friends
Error handling
Backpressure
Summary
3. Asynchronous Programming and Networking Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Asynchronous Programming and Networking
Building a stock market monitoring application
Rolling averages
Identifying problems with our current approach
Removing incidental complexity with RxClojure
Summary
4. Introduction to core.async Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Introduction to core.async
Asynchronous programming and concurrency
core.async
Rewriting the stock market application with core.async
Error handling
Backpressure
Transducers
Summary
5. Creating Your Own CES Framework with core.async Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Creating Your Own CES Framework with core.async
A minimal CES framework
Exercises
A respondent application
CES versus core.async
Summary
6. Building a Simple ClojureScript Game with Reagi Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Building a Simple ClojureScript Game with Reagi
Setting up the project
Reagi and other CES frameworks
Summary
7. The UI as a Function Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. The UI as a Function
The problem with complex web UIs
Enter React.js
ClojureScript and Om
Building a simple Contacts application with Om
Intercomponent communication
Exercises
Summary
8. Futures Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. Futures
Clojure futures
Fetching data in parallel
Imminent – a composable futures library for Clojure
The movies example revisited
Futures and blocking IO
Summary
9. A Reactive API to Amazon Web Services Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
9. A Reactive API to Amazon Web Services
The problem
Infrastructure automation
AWS resources dashboard
CloudFormation
EC2
RDS
Designing the solution
Exercises
Summary
A. The Algebra of Library Design Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
A. The Algebra of Library Design
The semantics of map
Finding the average of ages
Applicative Functors
Gathering stats about ages
Monads
Summary
B. Bibliography Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
B. Bibliography
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index

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Lucas Medeiros Reis Aug 31, 2015
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
This is an intermediate to advanced book on Clojure and Clojurescript programming. It's a selection of techniques for concurrency, asynchronous and reactive programming, with a perfect balance of practice and theory.Chapter 4, on core async, is a good example is chapter 4. Borges outlines the issues with using callbacks to deal with concurrency, and he also discusses Communicating Sequential Processes as a solution. That's the theory. Then, he shows an implementation of this solution using Futures, and also explains the core async library. The rest of the chapter is an implementation of a toy stock market app. This to be the best material on learning core async that I've found.The other chapters are just as good. Don't miss it if you are interested in taking your Clojure skills to the next level.
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Claudio Natoli Jul 08, 2015
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
I was fortunate to have seen a small part of this title ahead of print; consequently, I had high hopes for the full published work, and was not disappointed.This title is a solid compendium of FRP in Clojure. After a brief introduction to the history, terms and patterns of FRP, you'll find yourself reading about such topics as Rx, asynchronous networking, core.async, Om, futures and more, with numerous examples covering at times both Clojure and ClojureScript.On the topic of examples, one highlight of this book is the frequent revisiting of a particular problem or snippet, with alternative approaches, as motivating examples for how Reactive Programming and/or different libraries and patterns can be leveraged. For instance, the Futures chapter develops an example using clojure.core futures, and then illustrates some of the difficulties in their application by constrasting with an alternative library developed by the author.While a broad range of concepts are covered, the material should be accessible even to those relatively new to Clojure (if you know what "lein" is, you're good to go!)
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neuronsong Nov 19, 2015
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I would gladly buy from this seller again.
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Amazon Customer May 31, 2015
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This short, focused book nicely covers both the concepts and clojure/clojurescript applications of Reactive programming (FRP). Reading it will give you a nice, efficient push up the learning curve. There's no better praise for a technical book, in my view.
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About the author

Profile icon Leonardo Borges
Leonardo Borges
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Leonardo Borges is a programming languages enthusiast who loves writing code, contributing to open source software, and speaking on subjects he feels strongly about. He has used Clojure professionally, both as a lead consultant at ThoughtWorks and as a development team lead at Atlassian, where he helped build real-time collaborative editing technology. Leonardo is currently the CTO for MODRON. Apart from this book, he contributed a couple of chapters to Clojure Cookbook, O'Reilly. Leonardo founded and currently runs the Sydney Clojure User Group in Australia. He also writes posts about software, with a focus on functional programming, on his website. When he isn't writing code, he enjoys riding motorcycles, weightlifting, and playing the guitar.
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Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela
What is custom duty/charge? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customs duty are charges levied on goods when they cross international borders. It is a tax that is imposed on imported goods. These duties are charged by special authorities and bodies created by local governments and are meant to protect local industries, economies, and businesses.

Do I have to pay customs charges for the print book order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The orders shipped to the countries that are listed under EU27 will not bear custom charges. They are paid by Packt as part of the order.

List of EU27 countries: www.gov.uk/eu-eea:

A custom duty or localized taxes may be applicable on the shipment and would be charged by the recipient country outside of the EU27 which should be paid by the customer and these duties are not included in the shipping charges been charged on the order.

How do I know my custom duty charges? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The amount of duty payable varies greatly depending on the imported goods, the country of origin and several other factors like the total invoice amount or dimensions like weight, and other such criteria applicable in your country.

For example:

  • If you live in Mexico, and the declared value of your ordered items is over $ 50, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 19% which will be $ 9.50 to the courier service.
  • Whereas if you live in Turkey, and the declared value of your ordered items is over € 22, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 18% which will be € 3.96 to the courier service.
How can I cancel my order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Cancellation Policy for Published Printed Books:

You can cancel any order within 1 hour of placing the order. Simply contact customercare@packt.com with your order details or payment transaction id. If your order has already started the shipment process, we will do our best to stop it. However, if it is already on the way to you then when you receive it, you can contact us at customercare@packt.com using the returns and refund process.

Please understand that Packt Publishing cannot provide refunds or cancel any order except for the cases described in our Return Policy (i.e. Packt Publishing agrees to replace your printed book because it arrives damaged or material defect in book), Packt Publishing will not accept returns.

What is your returns and refunds policy? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Return Policy:

We want you to be happy with your purchase from Packtpub.com. We will not hassle you with returning print books to us. If the print book you receive from us is incorrect, damaged, doesn't work or is unacceptably late, please contact Customer Relations Team on customercare@packt.com with the order number and issue details as explained below:

  1. If you ordered (eBook, Video or Print Book) incorrectly or accidentally, please contact Customer Relations Team on customercare@packt.com within one hour of placing the order and we will replace/refund you the item cost.
  2. Sadly, if your eBook or Video file is faulty or a fault occurs during the eBook or Video being made available to you, i.e. during download then you should contact Customer Relations Team within 14 days of purchase on customercare@packt.com who will be able to resolve this issue for you.
  3. You will have a choice of replacement or refund of the problem items.(damaged, defective or incorrect)
  4. Once Customer Care Team confirms that you will be refunded, you should receive the refund within 10 to 12 working days.
  5. If you are only requesting a refund of one book from a multiple order, then we will refund you the appropriate single item.
  6. Where the items were shipped under a free shipping offer, there will be no shipping costs to refund.

On the off chance your printed book arrives damaged, with book material defect, contact our Customer Relation Team on customercare@packt.com within 14 days of receipt of the book with appropriate evidence of damage and we will work with you to secure a replacement copy, if necessary. Please note that each printed book you order from us is individually made by Packt's professional book-printing partner which is on a print-on-demand basis.

What tax is charged? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Currently, no tax is charged on the purchase of any print book (subject to change based on the laws and regulations). A localized VAT fee is charged only to our European and UK customers on eBooks, Video and subscriptions that they buy. GST is charged to Indian customers for eBooks and video purchases.

What payment methods can I use? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

You can pay with the following card types:

  1. Visa Debit
  2. Visa Credit
  3. MasterCard
  4. PayPal
What is the delivery time and cost of print books? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela