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Home > Web Development > Reactive Programming > PHP Reactive Programming
PHP Reactive Programming
PHP Reactive Programming

PHP Reactive Programming: Build fault tolerant and high performing application in PHP based on the reactive architecture

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PHP Reactive Programming

Chapter 2. Reactive Programming with RxPHP

In this chapter, we're going to have a better look at how we can use PHP's reactive extension library RxPHP. We'll mostly build on what we saw in the previous chapter, but going into greater detail.

In particular, we'll go through the following:

  • Various components of RxPHP that we'll use in this and all further chapters.
  • We'll quickly have a look at how to read and understand the Rx documentation. In particular, we'll have a look at marble diagrams that explain the functionality of Rx operators.
  • List a few basic operators that we'll use throughout the entire book and explain their functionality.
  • Write custom operator that decodes JSON strings into their appropriate array representations while properly handling errors.
  • Implement a simple script that downloads an HTML page via cURL. Then compare the same approach when utilizing RxPHP.
  • How to write a custom Observable for our cURL example.
  • We'll dig into...

Basic principles of Reactive Extensions

Let's have a look at a very simple example of RxPHP, similar to what we did in the previous chapter, and use it to demonstrate some of the basic principles behind Reactive Extensions.

We won't bother with defining an observer right now and will focus only on Observables and operators:

// rxphp_basics_01.php 
use Rx\Observable; 
$fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'orange', 'raspberry']; 
 
Observable::fromArray($fruits) // Observable 
    ->map(function($value) { // operator 
        return strlen($value); 
    }) 
    ->filter(function($len) { // operator 
        return $len > 5; 
    }) 
    ->subscribe($observer); // observer

In this example, we have one Observable, two operators and one observer.

An Observable can be chained with operators. In this example, the operators are map() and filter().

Observables have the subscribe() method that is used by observers to start receiving values...

Naming conventions in Reactive Extensions

When talking about Observables, we use terms such as emit/send value/item. Commonly, we say that an Observable emits an item, but we understand the same from an Observable sends a value as well.

By emit/send we mean that an Observable is calling the onNext method on an observer.

When talking about Observables, we use terms such as send error/complete notification/signal. We also often mention that an Observable completes, which means that an Observable has sent a complete notification.

By notification/signal we mean that an Observable is calling the onError or onComplete method on an observer.

In the preceding paragraph, we worked with a simple RxPHP demo that had one Observable, two operators and one observer.

This structure formed an operator/Observable chain. We'll understand the same thing from both of the terms operator chain and Observable chain (sometimes also referred to as a chain of Observable...

Components of RxPHP

Since this chapter is going to be mostly about Observables, observers and operators, we're going to start with them.

We've already seen a sneak peak in this chapter, and now we'll go into more detail.

Observables

Observables emit items. In other words, Observables are sources of values. Observers can subscribe to Observables in order to be notified when the next item is ready, all items have been emitted, or an error has occurred.

The main difference between an Observable (in the sense of reactive programming) and the observer pattern is that an Observable can tell you when all of the data has been emitted and when an error occurs. All three types of events are consumed by observers.

RxPHP comes with several basic types of Observables for general usage. Here are a few that are easy to use:

  • ArrayObservable: This creates an Observable from an array and emits all values right after the first observer subscribes.
  • RangeObservable: This generates a sequence of numbers...

Writing the DebugSubject class

One common use case for Subject class is proxying all values and notifications from its source Observable.

In one of the preceding paragraphs, we wrote the PrintObserver class, which prints all values it receives. However, a more common situation is where we want to output values from an Observable while being able to chain it with another operator or observer. The Subject class exactly fits this use case, so we'll rewrite the preceding PrintObserver class and inherit Subject instead of AbstractObserver:

class DebugSubject extends Rx\Subject\Subject { 
  public function __construct($identifier=null, $maxLen=64){ 
    $this->identifier = $identifier; 
    $this->maxLen = $maxLen; 
  } 
  public function onCompleted() { 
    printf("%s%s onCompleted\n", $this->getTime(), $this->id());
    parent::onCompleted(); 
  }  
  public function onNext($val) { 
    $type = is_object($val) ? get_class($val) : gettype($val); 
 
 ...

Basic principles of Reactive Extensions

Let's have a look at a very simple example of RxPHP, similar to what we did in the previous chapter, and use it to demonstrate some of the basic principles behind Reactive Extensions.

We won't bother with defining an observer right now and will focus only on Observables and operators:

// rxphp_basics_01.php 
use Rx\Observable; 
$fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'orange', 'raspberry']; 
 
Observable::fromArray($fruits) // Observable 
    ->map(function($value) { // operator 
        return strlen($value); 
    }) 
    ->filter(function($len) { // operator 
        return $len > 5; 
    }) 
    ->subscribe($observer); // observer

In this example, we have one Observable, two operators and one observer.

An Observable can be chained with operators. In this example, the operators are map() and filter().

Observables have the subscribe() method that is used by observers to start receiving values...

Naming conventions in Reactive Extensions

When talking about Observables, we use terms such as emit/send value/item. Commonly, we say that an Observable emits an item, but we understand the same from an Observable sends a value as well.

By emit/send we mean that an Observable is calling the onNext method on an observer.

When talking about Observables, we use terms such as send error/complete notification/signal. We also often mention that an Observable completes, which means that an Observable has sent a complete notification.

By notification/signal we mean that an Observable is calling the onError or onComplete method on an observer.

In the preceding paragraph, we worked with a simple RxPHP demo that had one Observable, two operators and one observer.

This structure formed an operator/Observable chain. We'll understand the same thing from both of the terms operator chain and Observable chain (sometimes also referred to as a chain of Observable operators). This is because, from our perspective...

Components of RxPHP

Since this chapter is going to be mostly about Observables, observers and operators, we're going to start with them.

We've already seen a sneak peak in this chapter, and now we'll go into more detail.

Observables

Observables emit items. In other words, Observables are sources of values. Observers can subscribe to Observables in order to be notified when the next item is ready, all items have been emitted, or an error has occurred.

The main difference between an Observable (in the sense of reactive programming) and the observer pattern is that an Observable can tell you when all of the data has been emitted and when an error occurs. All three types of events are consumed by observers.

RxPHP comes with several basic types of Observables for general usage. Here are a few that are easy to use:

  • ArrayObservable: This creates an Observable from an array and emits all values right after the first observer subscribes.

  • RangeObservable: This generates a sequence of numbers from a predefined...

Writing the DebugSubject class

One common use case for Subject class is proxying all values and notifications from its source Observable.

In one of the preceding paragraphs, we wrote the PrintObserver class, which prints all values it receives. However, a more common situation is where we want to output values from an Observable while being able to chain it with another operator or observer. The Subject class exactly fits this use case, so we'll rewrite the preceding PrintObserver class and inherit Subject instead of AbstractObserver:

class DebugSubject extends Rx\Subject\Subject { 
  public function __construct($identifier=null, $maxLen=64){ 
    $this->identifier = $identifier; 
    $this->maxLen = $maxLen; 
  } 
  public function onCompleted() { 
    printf("%s%s onCompleted\n", $this->getTime(), $this->id());
    parent::onCompleted(); 
  }  
  public function onNext($val) { 
    $type = is_object($val) ? get_class($val) : gettype...

Writing JSONDecodeOperator

We're going to work with calls to remote API's a few times throughout this book, so it would be very handy to have an operator that transforms JSON string responses into their PHP array representations.

This example looks like something that could be easily done with just the map() operator:

// rxphp_06.php  
Rx\Observable::just('{"value":42}') 
    ->map(function($value) { 
        return json_decode($value, true); 
    }) 
    ->subscribe(new DebugSubject());

This prints the correct result for sure, as we can see in the following output:

$ php rxphp_06.php
16:39:50 [] onNext: {"value": 42} (array)
16:39:50 [] onCompleted

Well, but what about malformed JSON strings? What happens if we try to decode the following:

Rx\Observable::just('NA') 
    ->map(function($value) { 
        return json_decode($value, true); 
    }) 
    ->subscribe(new DebugSubject());

The function json_decode() doesn't throw...

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Key benefits

  • Develop an interesting multiplayer browser game written in RxJS and re-implement it using RxPHP
  • Enhance existing reactive applications by building a CLI tool combining Symfony Console
  • Implement Gearman and Rabbit MQ for asynchronous communication

Description

Reactive Programming helps us write code that is concise, clear, and readable. Combining the power of reactive programming and PHP, one of the most widely used languages, will enable you to create web applications more pragmatically. PHP Reactive Programming will teach you the benefits of reactive programming via real-world examples with a hands-on approach. You will create multiple projects showing RxPHP in action alone and in combination with other libraries. The book starts with a brief introduction to reactive programming, clearly explaining the importance of building reactive applications. You will use the RxPHP library, built a reddit CLI using it, and also re-implement the Symfony3 Event Dispatcher with RxPHP. You will learn how to test your RxPHP code by writing unit tests. Moving on to more interesting aspects, you will implement a web socket backend by developing a browser game. You will learn to implement quite complex reactive systems while avoiding pitfalls such as circular dependencies by moving the RxJS logic from the frontend to the backend. The book will then focus on writing extendable RxPHP code by developing a code testing tool and also cover Using RxPHP on both the server and client side of the application. With a concluding chapter on reactive programming practices in other languages, this book will serve as a complete guide for you to start writing reactive applications in PHP.

Who is this book for?

This book is aimed at people with a solid knowledge of PHP and programming languages in general. We also assume they have at least a little experience with other technologies such as JavaScript, Node.js, and others.

What you will learn

  • How to work with the RxPHP library and see what it offers via many examples
  • Use the RxPHP library in combination with Symfony Console
  • The different approaches to using Symfony3 s Event Dispatcher component
  • Test your reactive PHP code using PHPUnit
  • Analyze PHP source code and apply a custom set of rules by building a CLI tool
Estimated delivery fee Deliver to Ireland

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Product Details

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Publication date, Length, Edition, Language, ISBN-13
Publication date : Mar 24, 2017
Length: 364 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781786462879
Category :
Web Development
Languages :
PHP
Concepts :
Reactive Programming
Tools :
Composer

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Estimated delivery fee Deliver to Ireland

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Product Details

Publication date : Mar 24, 2017
Length: 364 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781786462879
Category :
Web Development
Languages :
PHP
Concepts :
Reactive Programming
Tools :
Composer

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Table of Contents

10 Chapters
1. Introduction to Reactive Programming Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
1. Introduction to Reactive Programming
Imperative programming
Declarative programming
Sequential and parallel programming
Asynchronous programming
Functional programming
Reactive programming
Reactive Extensions
Introducing RxPHP
Summary
2. Reactive Programming with RxPHP Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Reactive Programming with RxPHP
Basic principles of Reactive Extensions
Naming conventions in Reactive Extensions
Components of RxPHP
Writing the DebugSubject class
Writing JSONDecodeOperator
Writing CURLObservable
The proc_open() and non-blocking fread()
Event loop and RxPHP
Summary
3. Writing a Reddit Reader with RxPHP Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Writing a Reddit Reader with RxPHP
Examining RxPHP's internals
Observable::create() and Observable::defer()
Writing a Reddit reader using RxPHP
Non-blocking CURLObservable
Types of disposable classes
Summary
4. Reactive versus a Typical Event-Driven Approach Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Reactive versus a Typical Event-Driven Approach
Handling error states in operator chains
The concat() and merge() operators
Writing a reactive event dispatcher
Summary
5. Testing RxPHP Code Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Testing RxPHP Code
The doOn*() operators
Installing the PHPUnit package
Basics of writing tests using PHPUnit
Testing RxPHP code
Testing SumOperator
Testing ForkJoinObservable
Summary
6. PHP Streams API and Higher-Order Observables Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. PHP Streams API and Higher-Order Observables
Using Promises in PHP
PHP Streams API
Higher-order Observables
Summary
7. Implementing Socket IPC and WebSocket Server/Client Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. Implementing Socket IPC and WebSocket Server/Client
Backpressure in Reactive Extensions
Implementing ProcessObservable
Server Manager application
Server Manager and the Unix socket server
Implementing a WebSocket server
Implementing a WebSocket client
Summary
8. Multicasting in RxPHP and PHP7 pthreads Extension Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. Multicasting in RxPHP and PHP7 pthreads Extension
Subjects
Multicasting in RxPHP
PHP pthreads extension
RxPHP and pthreads
Summary
9. Multithreaded and Distributed Computing with pthreads and Gearman Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
9. Multithreaded and Distributed Computing with pthreads and Gearman
Introduction to the PHP Parser library
Implementing ThreadPoolOperator
Introduction to Gearman
Summary
10. Using Advanced Operators and Techniques in RxPHP Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
10. Using Advanced Operators and Techniques in RxPHP
The zip() operator
The window() operator
The materialize() and dematerialize() operators
Error handling in RxPHP operator chains
The Observable::create() method versus the Subject class
Call stack length and EventLoopScheduler
Unsubscribing versus completing an Observable
Anonymous operators
Writing a custom DirectoryIteratorObservable
FTP client with RxPHP
Summary

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Customer reviews

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notgoingtoconsomeoneelse Jun 19, 2017
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Buyer Beware ! Published March 2017 - all examples are for RxPHP 1, when RxPHP 2 is now released ( June 2017) making most of the examples in this book redundant less than 3 months after publish date. Save your money and do not buy this book.
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About the author

Profile icon Sikora
Sikora
Martin Sikora has been professionally programming since 2006 for companies such as Miton CZ, Symbio Digital, and PRIA in various languages, mostly PHP and TypeScript. Since 2017, he's freelancing, trying to work on open source projects in TypeScript, PHP, Dart, C, and Python. He's been actively contributing to RxPHP and RxJS 5 on both Github and Stack Overflow. He is a Zend certified engineer and was a member of the winning team during Google Dart Hackathon 2012 in Prague. His first publication was Dart Essentials, by Packt, published in May 2015. Occasionally, Martin writes articles for https://www.smashingmagazine.com/. You can connect with him on LinkedIn at https://www.linkedin.com/in/martin-sikora-a63b9a30/ or GitHub at https://github.com/martinsik.
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  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela
What is custom duty/charge? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customs duty are charges levied on goods when they cross international borders. It is a tax that is imposed on imported goods. These duties are charged by special authorities and bodies created by local governments and are meant to protect local industries, economies, and businesses.

Do I have to pay customs charges for the print book order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The orders shipped to the countries that are listed under EU27 will not bear custom charges. They are paid by Packt as part of the order.

List of EU27 countries: www.gov.uk/eu-eea:

A custom duty or localized taxes may be applicable on the shipment and would be charged by the recipient country outside of the EU27 which should be paid by the customer and these duties are not included in the shipping charges been charged on the order.

How do I know my custom duty charges? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The amount of duty payable varies greatly depending on the imported goods, the country of origin and several other factors like the total invoice amount or dimensions like weight, and other such criteria applicable in your country.

For example:

  • If you live in Mexico, and the declared value of your ordered items is over $ 50, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 19% which will be $ 9.50 to the courier service.
  • Whereas if you live in Turkey, and the declared value of your ordered items is over € 22, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 18% which will be € 3.96 to the courier service.
How can I cancel my order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Cancellation Policy for Published Printed Books:

You can cancel any order within 1 hour of placing the order. Simply contact customercare@packt.com with your order details or payment transaction id. If your order has already started the shipment process, we will do our best to stop it. However, if it is already on the way to you then when you receive it, you can contact us at customercare@packt.com using the returns and refund process.

Please understand that Packt Publishing cannot provide refunds or cancel any order except for the cases described in our Return Policy (i.e. Packt Publishing agrees to replace your printed book because it arrives damaged or material defect in book), Packt Publishing will not accept returns.

What is your returns and refunds policy? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Return Policy:

We want you to be happy with your purchase from Packtpub.com. We will not hassle you with returning print books to us. If the print book you receive from us is incorrect, damaged, doesn't work or is unacceptably late, please contact Customer Relations Team on customercare@packt.com with the order number and issue details as explained below:

  1. If you ordered (eBook, Video or Print Book) incorrectly or accidentally, please contact Customer Relations Team on customercare@packt.com within one hour of placing the order and we will replace/refund you the item cost.
  2. Sadly, if your eBook or Video file is faulty or a fault occurs during the eBook or Video being made available to you, i.e. during download then you should contact Customer Relations Team within 14 days of purchase on customercare@packt.com who will be able to resolve this issue for you.
  3. You will have a choice of replacement or refund of the problem items.(damaged, defective or incorrect)
  4. Once Customer Care Team confirms that you will be refunded, you should receive the refund within 10 to 12 working days.
  5. If you are only requesting a refund of one book from a multiple order, then we will refund you the appropriate single item.
  6. Where the items were shipped under a free shipping offer, there will be no shipping costs to refund.

On the off chance your printed book arrives damaged, with book material defect, contact our Customer Relation Team on customercare@packt.com within 14 days of receipt of the book with appropriate evidence of damage and we will work with you to secure a replacement copy, if necessary. Please note that each printed book you order from us is individually made by Packt's professional book-printing partner which is on a print-on-demand basis.

What tax is charged? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Currently, no tax is charged on the purchase of any print book (subject to change based on the laws and regulations). A localized VAT fee is charged only to our European and UK customers on eBooks, Video and subscriptions that they buy. GST is charged to Indian customers for eBooks and video purchases.

What payment methods can I use? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

You can pay with the following card types:

  1. Visa Debit
  2. Visa Credit
  3. MasterCard
  4. PayPal
What is the delivery time and cost of print books? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela