For the instructions and code in this chapter, you need the following:

• Python 3.7
• The opencv-Python module
• The NumPy module

The code for the chapter can be found here:

https://github.com/PacktPublishing/Hands-On-Vision-and-Behavior-for-Self-Driving-Cars/tree/master/Chapter1

The Code in Action videos for this chapter can be found here:

https://bit.ly/2TdfsL7

OpenCV is a computer vision and machine learning library that has been developed for more than 20 years and provides an impressive number of functionalities. Despite some inconsistencies in the API, its simplicity and the remarkable number of algorithms implemented make it an extremely popular library and an excellent choice for many situations.

OpenCV is written in C++, but there are bindings for Python, Java, and Android.

In this book, we will focus on OpenCV for Python, with all the code tested using OpenCV 4.2.

OpenCV in Python is provided by opencv-python, which can be installed using the following command:

pip install opencv-python

OpenCV can take advantage of hardware acceleration, but to get the best performance, you might need to build it from the source code, with different flags than the default, to optimize it for your target hardware.

OpenCV and NumPy

The Python bindings use NumPy, which increases the flexibility and...

OpenCV provides a very simple way to load images, using imread():

import cv2
image = cv2.imread('test.jpg')

To show the image, you can use imshow(), which accepts two parameters:

• The name to write on the caption of the window that will show the image
• The image to be shown

Unfortunately, its behavior is counterintuitive, as it will not show an image unless it is followed by a call to waitKey():

cv2.imshow("Image", image)cv2.waitKey(0)

The call to waitKey() after imshow() will have two effects:

• It will actually allow OpenCV to show the image provided to imshow().
• It will wait for the specified amount of milliseconds, or until a key is pressed if the amount of milliseconds passed is <=0. It will wait indefinitely.

An image can be saved on disk using the imwrite() method, which accepts three parameters:

• The name of the file
• The image
• An optional format-dependent parameter:
...

Using videos in OpenCV is very simple; in fact, every frame is an image and can be manipulated with the methods that we have already analyzed.

To open a video in OpenCV, you need to call the VideoCapture() method:

cap = cv2.VideoCapture("video.mp4")

After that, you can call read(), typically in a loop, to retrieve a single frame. The method returns a tuple with two values:

• A Boolean value that is false when the video is finished
• The next frame:

ret, frame = cap.read()

To save a video, there is the VideoWriter object; its constructor accepts four parameters:

• The filename
• A FOURCC (four-character code) of the video code
• The number of frames per second
• The resolution

Take the following example:

mp4 = cv2.VideoWriter_fourcc(*'MP4V')writer = cv2.VideoWriter('video-out.mp4', mp4, 15, (640, 480))

Once VideoWriter has been created, the write() method can be used to add a frame...

As part of a computer vision pipeline for a self-driving car, with or without deep learning, you might need to process the video stream to make other algorithms work better as part of a preprocessing step.

This section will provide you with a solid foundation to preprocess any video stream.

Flipping an image

OpenCV provides the flip() method to flip an image, and it accepts two parameters:

• The image
• A number that can be 1 (horizontal flip), 0 (vertical flip), or -1 (both horizontal and vertical flip)

Let's see a sample code:

flipH = cv2.flip(img, 1)flipV = cv2.flip(img, 0)flip = cv2.flip(img, -1)

This will produce the following result:

Figure 1.4 – Original image, horizontally flipped, vertically flipped, and both

As you can see, the first image is our original image, which was flipped horizontally and vertically, and then both, horizontally and vertically together.

Blurring an image

The Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) is an object detection technique implemented by OpenCV. In simple cases, it can be used to see whether there is a certain object present in the image, where it is, and how big it is.

OpenCV includes a detector trained for pedestrians, and you are going to use it. It might not be enough for a real-life situation, but it is useful to learn how to use it. You could also train another one with more images to see whether it performs better. Later in the book, you will see how to use deep learning to detect not only pedestrians but also cars and traffic lights.

Sliding window

The HOG pedestrian detector in OpenCV is trained with a model that is 48x96 pixels, and therefore it is not able to detect objects smaller than that (or, better, it could, but the box will be 48x96).

At the core of the HOG detector, there is a mechanism able to tell whether a given 48x96 image is a pedestrian. As this is not terribly...

In this section, you will learn how to take objects with a known pattern and use them to correct lens distortion using OpenCV.

Remember the lens distortion we talked about in the previous section? You need to correct this to ensure you accurately locate where objects are relative to your vehicle. It does you no good to see an object if you don't know whether it is in front of you or next to you. Even good lenses can distort the image, and this is particularly true for wide-angle lenses. Luckily, OpenCV provides a mechanism to detect this distortion and correct it!

The idea is to take pictures of a chessboard, so OpenCV can use this high-contrast pattern to detect the position of the points and compute the distortion based on the difference between the expected image and the recorded one.

You need to provide several pictures at different orientations. It might take some experiments to find a good set of pictures, but 10 to 20 images should...

Well, you have had a great start to your computer vision journey toward making a real self-driving car.

You learned about a very useful toolset called OpenCV with bindings for Python and NumPy. With these tools, you are now able to create and import images using methods such as imread(), imshow(), hconcat(), and vconcat(). You learned how to import and create video files, as well as capturing video from a webcam with methods such as VideoCapture() and VideoWriter(). Watch out Spielberg, there is a new movie-maker in town!

It was wonderful to be able to import images, but how do you start manipulating them to help your computer vision algorithms learn what features matter? You learned how to do this through methods such as flip(), blur(), GaussianBlur(), medianBlur(), bilateralFilter(), and convertScaleAbs(). Then, you learned how to annotate images for human consumption with methods such as rectangle() and putText().

Then came the real magic, where you learned how...

1. Can OpenCV take advantage of hardware acceleration?
2. What's the best blurring method if CPU power is not a problem?
3. Which detector can be used to find pedestrians in an image?
4. How can you read the video stream from a webcam?
5. What is the trade-off between aperture and depth of field?
6. When do you need a high ISO?
7. Is it worth computing sub-pixel precision for camera calibration?