Launched as a Kickstarter campaign in 2013 by its creator, Damien George, MicroPython is an implementation of the Python 3 language for microcontrollers. MicroPython is run at the bare metal layer of the microcontroller, meaning that the language has access to the microcontroller's physical inputs and outputs. This allows developers to use MicroPython to read sensory information such as ambient temperature as well as control motors, relays, and so on. With MicroPython, developers can utilize the power and ease of Python 3 for building things such as robots.
CircuitPython is a version of MicroPython made by Adafruit Industries for use in their brand of microcontrollers. CircuitPython is designed to be easier to use than MicroPython and is geared toward educational use. CircuitPython updates are tied to updates of the MicroPython platform.
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