If you need to get a list of all environment variables supported by Go and the Go compiler, along with their current values, then the solution is to execute go env.
On my macOS Mojave, which uses Go version 1.11.4, the pretty rich output of go env is as follows:
$ go env GOARCH="amd64" GOBIN="" GOCACHE="/Users/mtsouk/Library/Caches/go-build" GOEXE="" GOFLAGS="" GOHOSTARCH="amd64" GOHOSTOS="darwin" GOOS="darwin" GOPATH="/Users/mtsouk/go" GOPROXY="" GORACE="" GOROOT="/usr/local/Cellar/go/1.11.4/libexec" GOTMPDIR="" GOTOOLDIR="/usr/local/Cellar/go/1.11.4/libexec/pkg/tool/darwin_amd64" GCCGO="gccgo" CC="clang" CXX="clang++" CGO_ENABLED="1" GOMOD="" CGO_CFLAGS="-g -O2"...