Chapter 12

1. Physical, Data-Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application.
2. Port numbers provide a way to differentiate between several network applications running in the same environment.
3. Sockets are abstractions providing programmers with a means to send and receive data over a network.
4. First, we need to create and bind the socket with an IP address. Next, we should listen for incoming connections and, if there is one, we should accept the connection to further process the data communication.
5. The TCP is a reliable protocol. It handles a strong connection between endpoints and also handles packet loss by resending packets not received by the receiver. UDP, on the other hand, is not reliable. Almost every aspect of handling rests on programmers' shoulders. The advantage of UDP is its speed given that it omits handshakes, checks, and packet loss handling...