It is difficult to list all the conferences around the world because there are a lot, but I will try to list the most relevant, bearing in mind where security vulnerabilities are disclosed first and the impact on the community.
Conferences
DEFCON
Without a doubt, DEFCON (https://www.defcon.org/) is the most important hacker conference in the world. It has been going for more than 25 years in Las Vegas, USA. Here, you can find talks or workshops, but it is also a great place for the community to show off its latest research. It is very important for agencies such as the NSA or CIA to attend and sponsor the event.