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vSphere High Performance Cookbook - Second Edition
vSphere High Performance Cookbook - Second Edition

vSphere High Performance Cookbook - Second Edition: Recipes to tune your vSphere for maximum performance , Second Edition

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Paperback Jun 2017 338 pages 2nd Edition
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vSphere High Performance Cookbook - Second Edition

Memory Performance Design

In this chapter, we will cover the tasks related to memory performance design. You will learn the following aspects of memory performance design:

  • Virtual memory reclamation techniques
  • Monitoring a host-swapping activity
  • Monitoring a host-ballooning activity
  • Keeping memory free for VMkernel
  • Key memory performance counters to monitor
  • What counters not to use
  • Identifying when memory is the problem
  • Analyzing host and VM memory
  • Memory performance best practices

Introduction

Although VMware vSphere uses various mechanisms to efficiently allocate memory, you might still encounter a situation where VMs are allocated with insufficient physical memory.

You should know how to monitor memory usage of both host machines and VMs. You should also know how to troubleshoot common memory performance problems, such as those involving a demand for memory.

Virtual memory reclamation techniques

VMs perform memory allocation in the same way an operating system handles memory allocation and deallocation. The guest operating system frees a piece of physical memory by adding memory page numbers to the guest free list.

The guest operating system's free list is not accessible to the hypervisor; thus, it is difficult for the hypervisor to know when to free the host physical memory and when the guest physical memory needs to be freed. The hypervisor is completely unaware of which pages are free or allocated to the guest operating system, and because of this, it cannot reclaim the host physical memory when the guest operating system frees guest physical memory.

So the VMware hypervisor relies on memory reclamation techniques to reclaim the host physical memory that is freed by the guest operating system. These are the memory reclamation...

Monitoring a host-swapping activity

Excessive memory demand can cause severe performance problems for one or more VMs on an ESXi host. When ESXi is actively swapping from the memory of a VM to disk, the performance of that VM will degrade. The overhead of swapping a VM's memory to a disk can also degrade the performance of other VMs because the VM expects to be writing to RAM (speeds measured in nanoseconds), but it is unknowingly writing to disk (speeds measured in milliseconds).

The counters in vSphere Client for monitoring the swapping activity are as follows:

  • Memory Swap In Rate: The rate at which memory is being swapped in from the disk.
  • Memory Swap Out Rate: The rate at which memory is being swapped out to the disk.
  • Swapped: The total amount of data that is sitting inside the .vswp hypervisor-level swap file. However, this doesn't tell you anything about the current...

Monitoring a host-ballooning activity

Ballooning is part of normal operations when memory is overcommitted. The occurrence of ballooning is not necessarily an indication of a resource-deficient infrastructure. The use of the balloon driver enables the guest to give up physical memory pages that are not being used. In fact, ballooning can be a sign that you're getting extra value out of the memory you have in the host.

However, if ballooning causes the guest to give up memory that it actually needs, performance problems can occur due to guest operating system paging.

Note, however, that this is fairly uncommon because the guest operating system will always assign memory that is already free to the balloon driver whenever possible, thereby avoiding any guest operating system swapping.

In vSphere Web Client, use the Memory Balloon counter to monitor a host's ballooning...

Keeping memory free for VMkernel

The amount of memory VMkernel will try to keep free can be set through the Mem.MemMinFreePct parameter. MemMinFreePct determines the amount of memory that VMkernel should keep free. vSphere 4.1 introduced a dynamic threshold for the Soft, Hard, and Low states to set appropriate thresholds and prevent VM performance issues while protecting VMkernel. The different states, based on %pRAM, which is still free, determines what type of memory reclamation techniques would be used.

For MemMinFreePct, using a default value of 6 percent can be inefficient when 256 gigabytes, 512 gigabytes, or even 1 TB hosts are becoming more mainstream. Having a 6 percent threshold on 512 gigabytes results in 30 gigabytes idling most of the time. However, not all customers use large systems; some prefer to scale out rather than scale up. If you choose to scale out and have...

Key memory performance counters to monitor

To troubleshoot memory performance in a VMware vSphere environment, you should monitor the memory performance very carefully. In this aspect, you should monitor the following counters:

  • Average memory active: The memory estimated to be used, based on recently touched memory pages.
  • Average memory swapped in or out: Virtual memory swapped to or from disk.
  • Average memory swapped: Total amount of memory swapped out. This indicates a possibility (with an unknown likelihood) of poor performance in future.

Getting ready

To step through this recipe, you will need a running ESXi Server, a couple of running VMs with VMware Tools installed, and vSphere Web Client. No other prerequisites are...

What counters not to use

A lot of the time, we assume that some very popular counters would be better to monitor memory performance. However, many times, it leads to something else. This means that these are not an indication of a memory performance issue. If this counter is combined with something else, then it may indicate performance degradation.

In this aspect, don't use two of the most popular counters just to understand whether the memory is under pressure or not:

  • Mem.consumed (Consumed Memory)
  • Mem.vmmemctl (ballooned memory)

Let me show you what they essentially indicate.

The Mem.consumed counter is the amount of memory consumed by one or all VMs. This is calculated as memory granted minus memory saved by sharing. Now the question is why we should not use this. The reason is that memory allocation will vary dynamically based on the VM's entitlement. It is important...

Introduction


Although VMware vSphere uses various mechanisms to efficiently allocate memory, you might still encounter a situation where VMs are allocated with insufficient physical memory.

You should know how to monitor memory usage of both host machines and VMs. You should also know how to troubleshoot common memory performance problems, such as those involving a demand for memory.

Virtual memory reclamation techniques


VMs perform memory allocation in the same way an operating system handles memory allocation and deallocation. The guest operating system frees a piece of physical memory by adding memory page numbers to the guest free list.

The guest operating system's free list is not accessible to the hypervisor; thus, it is difficult for the hypervisor to know when to free the host physical memory and when the guest physical memory needs to be freed. The hypervisor is completely unaware of which pages are free or allocated to the guest operating system, and because of this, it cannot reclaim the host physical memory when the guest operating system frees guest physical memory.

So the VMware hypervisor relies on memory reclamation techniques to reclaim the host physical memory that is freed by the guest operating system. These are the memory reclamation techniques:

  • Transparent Page Sharing (TPS)
  • Memory ballooning
  • Host-level (or hypervisor) swapping

Getting ready

To step through...

Monitoring a host-swapping activity


Excessive memory demand can cause severe performance problems for one or more VMs on an ESXi host. When ESXi is actively swapping from the memory of a VM to disk, the performance of that VM will degrade. The overhead of swapping a VM's memory to a disk can also degrade the performance of other VMs because the VM expects to be writing to RAM (speeds measured in nanoseconds), but it is unknowingly writing to disk (speeds measured in milliseconds).

The counters in vSphere Client for monitoring the swapping activity are as follows:

  • Memory Swap In Rate: The rate at which memory is being swapped in from the disk.
  • Memory Swap Out Rate: The rate at which memory is being swapped out to the disk.
  • Swapped: The total amount of data that is sitting inside the .vswp hypervisor-level swap file. However, this doesn't tell you anything about the current state of the performance, nor about the current state of free pRAM. It just tells you that at some point in the past, there...

Monitoring a host-ballooning activity


Ballooning is part of normal operations when memory is overcommitted. The occurrence of ballooning is not necessarily an indication of a resource-deficient infrastructure. The use of the balloon driver enables the guest to give up physical memory pages that are not being used. In fact, ballooning can be a sign that you're getting extra value out of the memory you have in the host.

However, if ballooning causes the guest to give up memory that it actually needs, performance problems can occur due to guest operating system paging.

Note

Note, however, that this is fairly uncommon because the guest operating system will always assign memory that is already free to the balloon driver whenever possible, thereby avoiding any guest operating system swapping.

In vSphere Web Client, use the Memory Balloon counter to monitor a host's ballooning activity. This counter represents the total amount of memory claimed by the balloon drivers of the VMs on the host. The memory...

Keeping memory free for VMkernel


The amount of memory VMkernel will try to keep free can be set through the Mem.MemMinFreePct parameter. MemMinFreePct determines the amount of memory that VMkernel should keep free. vSphere 4.1 introduced a dynamic threshold for the Soft, Hard, and Low states to set appropriate thresholds and prevent VM performance issues while protecting VMkernel. The different states, based on %pRAM, which is still free, determines what type of memory reclamation techniques would be used.

For MemMinFreePct, using a default value of 6 percent can be inefficient when 256 gigabytes, 512 gigabytes, or even 1 TB hosts are becoming more mainstream. Having a 6 percent threshold on 512 gigabytes results in 30 gigabytes idling most of the time. However, not all customers use large systems; some prefer to scale out rather than scale up. If you choose to scale out and have more servers with less RAM in each system, a 6 percent MemMinFreePct threshold might be suitable. To have the...

Key memory performance counters to monitor


To troubleshoot memory performance in a VMware vSphere environment, you should monitor the memory performance very carefully. In this aspect, you should monitor the following counters:

  • Average memory active: The memory estimated to be used, based on recently touched memory pages.
  • Average memory swapped in or out: Virtual memory swapped to or from disk.
  • Average memory swapped: Total amount of memory swapped out. This indicates a possibility (with an unknown likelihood) of poor performance in future.

Getting ready

To step through this recipe, you will need a running ESXi Server, a couple of running VMs with VMware Tools installed, and vSphere Web Client. No other prerequisites are required.

How to do it...

To spot the average Active Memory, you should check both the VM level and host level. To monitor at the VM level, perform the following steps:

  1. Open up vSphere Web Client.
  2. Log in to your vCenter Server.
  3. On the Home screen, select VMs and Templates.
  4. Choose the...

What counters not to use


A lot of the time, we assume that some very popular counters would be better to monitor memory performance. However, many times, it leads to something else. This means that these are not an indication of a memory performance issue. If this counter is combined with something else, then it may indicate performance degradation.

In this aspect, don't use two of the most popular counters just to understand whether the memory is under pressure or not:

  • Mem.consumed (Consumed Memory)
  • Mem.vmmemctl (ballooned memory)

Let me show you what they essentially indicate.

The Mem.consumed counter is the amount of memory consumed by one or all VMs. This is calculated as memory granted minus memory saved by sharing. Now the question is why we should not use this. The reason is that memory allocation will vary dynamically based on the VM's entitlement. It is important that a VM should get whatever it actually demands.

Similarly, Mem.vmmemctl is the amount of ballooned memory. This does not...

Identifying when memory is the problem


Both your host memory and VM memory can indicate that they are under pressure. But the main challenge to a VMware admin is how to determine that there is a memory performance issue.

There are a few things that a VMware admin should understand to confirm whether there is a memory performance issue, and they are:

  • Your host memory consumption is approaching your total host memory
  • Active Memory in your host is approaching your total memory
  • Ballooning is occurring
  • Host swapping is occurring

Now if you wonder what is the Active Memory here in relation to Consumed Memory, let me tell you that Active Memory is the amount of memory that is actively used, as estimated by VMkernel, based on recently touched memory pages. For a VM, this is referred to the amount of guest physical memory that is actively used.

The ESXi host calculates Active Memory using the sum of all the active counters for all the powered-on VMs plus vSphere services on the host.

There could be another...

Analyzing host and VM memory


Often, you need to monitor VM and host memory usage; the good part about this is that VMware vSphere Client exposes two memory statistics in the Summary tab of a VM. These are Consumed Host Memory and Active Guest Memory.

Consumed Host Memory is the amount of host physical memory that is allocated to the VM. Please note that this value includes virtualization overhead as well.

Note

Note that many VMs have oversized vRAM, and the guest operating system is likely to opportunistically fill up its vRAM with unnecessary things (for example, caching everything read from the disk, no matter how unlikely it will be requested again). Consumed Memory only means that the VM used this memory at some point, not that it's likely to use it again.

Active Guest Memory is defined as the amount of guest physical memory that is currently being used by the guest operating system and its applications.

These two statistics are quite useful for analyzing the memory status of the VM and providing...

Memory performance best practices


Virtualization causes an increase in the amount of physical memory required due to the extra memory needed by ESXi for its own code and data structures, and you need to know what are the best practice standards you have.

There are four basic principles that you should keep in mind:

  • Allocate enough memory to hold the working set of applications that you will run on the VM, thus minimizing swapping. You can estimate the working set by monitoring the Active Memory counter.
  • Do not disable the balloon driver.
  • Keep TPS enabled. It's free!
  • Avoid overcommitting memory to the point that it results in heavy memory reclamation, especially complicated Swap In rates (KBps).

How to do it...

So you may ask how can we determine the total required data center memory?

Well, there are several methods to determine the total memory capacity requirement:

  • Use the information gathered during the current state analysis to determine the current memory capacity requirements
  • Use application...

Introduction


Although VMware vSphere uses various mechanisms to efficiently allocate memory, you might still encounter a situation where VMs are allocated with insufficient physical memory.

You should know how to monitor memory usage of both host machines and VMs. You should also know how to troubleshoot common memory performance problems, such as those involving a demand for memory.

Virtual memory reclamation techniques


VMs perform memory allocation in the same way an operating system handles memory allocation and deallocation. The guest operating system frees a piece of physical memory by adding memory page numbers to the guest free list.

The guest operating system's free list is not accessible to the hypervisor; thus, it is difficult for the hypervisor to know when to free the host physical memory and when the guest physical memory needs to be freed. The hypervisor is completely unaware of which pages are free or allocated to the guest operating system, and because of this, it cannot reclaim the host physical memory when the guest operating system frees guest physical memory.

So the VMware hypervisor relies on memory reclamation techniques to reclaim the host physical memory that is freed by the guest operating system. These are the memory reclamation techniques:

  • Transparent Page Sharing (TPS)
  • Memory ballooning
  • Host-level (or hypervisor) swapping

Getting ready

To step through...

Monitoring a host-swapping activity


Excessive memory demand can cause severe performance problems for one or more VMs on an ESXi host. When ESXi is actively swapping from the memory of a VM to disk, the performance of that VM will degrade. The overhead of swapping a VM's memory to a disk can also degrade the performance of other VMs because the VM expects to be writing to RAM (speeds measured in nanoseconds), but it is unknowingly writing to disk (speeds measured in milliseconds).

The counters in vSphere Client for monitoring the swapping activity are as follows:

  • Memory Swap In Rate: The rate at which memory is being swapped in from the disk.
  • Memory Swap Out Rate: The rate at which memory is being swapped out to the disk.
  • Swapped: The total amount of data that is sitting inside the .vswp hypervisor-level swap file. However, this doesn't tell you anything about the current state of the performance, nor about the current state of free pRAM. It just tells you that at some point in the past, there...
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Key benefits

  • The practical recipes provide cost-effective and high performance for any application running in a virtual machine
  • Contains best practices and troubleshooting techniques to resolve vSphere 6.5 performance issues
  • Get a comprehensive coverage of performance issues and solutions including vCenter Server design and virtual machine and application tuning

Description

vSphere is a mission-critical piece of software for many businesses. It is a complex tool, and incorrect design and deployment can create performance related issues that can negatively affect the business. This book is focused on solving these problems as well as providing best practices and performance-enhancing techniques. This edition is fully updated to include all the new features in version 6.5 as well as the latest tools and techniques to keep vSphere performing at its best. This book starts with interesting recipes, such as the interaction of vSphere 6.5 components with physical layers such as CPU, memory, and networking. Then we focus on DRS, resource control design, and vSphere cluster design. Next, you’ll learn about storage performance design and how it works with VMware vSphere 6.5. Moving on, you will learn about the two types of vCenter installation and the benefits of each. Lastly, the book covers performance tools that help you get the most out of your vSphere installation. By the end of this book, you will be able to identify, diagnose, and troubleshoot operational faults and critical performance issues in vSphere 6.5.

Who is this book for?

If you are a system administrator and are planning to deploy vSphere 6.5 in your organization and want to maximize its performance, then this book is for you. Prior knowledge of the vSphere 6.5 concepts is essential.

What you will learn

  • • Understand the VMM Scheduler, cache aware CPU Scheduler, NUMA aware CPU Scheduler, and more during the CPU Performance Design phase
  • • Get to know the virtual memory reclamation technique, host ballooning monitoring, and swapping activity
  • • Choose the right platform while designing your vCenter Server, redundant vCenter design, and vCenter SSO and its deployment
  • • Learn how to use various performance simulation tools
  • • Design VCSA Server Certificates to minimize security threats
  • • Use health check tools for storage and boost vSphere 6.5's performance with VAAI and VASA
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Publication date : Jun 30, 2017
Length: 338 pages
Edition : 2nd
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781786464620
Vendor :
VMware
Tools :

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Table of Contents

10 Chapters
CPU Performance Design Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Memory Performance Design Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Networking Performance Design Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
DRS, SDRS, and Resource Control Design Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
vSphere Cluster Design Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Storage Performance Design Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Designing vCenter on Windows for Best Performance Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Designing VCSA for Best Performance Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Virtual Machine and Virtual Environment Performance Design Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Performance Tools Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

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index is very good. i can say OK. and inside it is black and while even though price is high for this book,
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Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela