Search icon CANCEL
Subscription
0
Cart icon
Your Cart (0 item)
Close icon
You have no products in your basket yet
Save more on your purchases! discount-offer-chevron-icon
Savings automatically calculated. No voucher code required.
Arrow left icon
Explore Products
Best Sellers
New Releases
Books
Videos
Audiobooks
Learning Hub
Newsletter Hub
Free Learning
Arrow right icon
timer SALE ENDS IN
0 Days
:
00 Hours
:
00 Minutes
:
00 Seconds
Hands-On Ensemble Learning with R
Hands-On Ensemble Learning with R

Hands-On Ensemble Learning with R: A beginner's guide to combining the power of machine learning algorithms using ensemble techniques

eBook
£7.99 £29.99
Paperback
£36.99
Subscription
Free Trial
Renews at £16.99p/m

What do you get with Print?

Product feature icon Instant access to your digital eBook copy whilst your Print order is Shipped
Product feature icon Paperback book shipped to your preferred address
Product feature icon Download this book in EPUB and PDF formats
Product feature icon Access this title in our online reader with advanced features
Product feature icon DRM FREE - Read whenever, wherever and however you want
OR
Modal Close icon
Payment Processing...
tick Completed

Shipping Address

Billing Address

Shipping Methods
Table of content icon View table of contents Preview book icon Preview Book

Hands-On Ensemble Learning with R

Chapter 2. Bootstrapping

As seen in the previous chapter, statistical inference is enhanced to a very large extent with the use of computational power. We also looked at the process of permutation tests, wherein the same test is applied multiple times for the resamples of the given data under the (null) hypothesis. The rationale behind resampling methods is also similar; we believe that if the sample is truly random and the observations are generated from the same identical distribution, we have a valid reason to resample the same set of observations with replacements. This is because any observation might as well occur multiple times rather than as a single instance.

This chapter will begin with a formal definition of resampling, followed by a look at the jackknife technique. This will be applied to multiple, albeit relatively easier, problems, and we will look at the definition of the pseudovalues first. The bootstrap method, invented by Efron, is probably the most useful resampling...

Technical requirements

We will be using the following libraries in the chapter:

  • ACSWR
  • boot
  • car
  • gee
  • mvtnorm
  • pseudo
  • RSADBE
  • survival

The jackknife technique

Quenouille (1949) invented the jackknife technique. The purpose of this was to reduce bias by looking at multiple samples of data in a methodical way. The name jackknife seems to have been coined by the well-known statistician John W. Tukey. Due mainly to the lack of computational power, the advances and utility of the jackknife method were restricted. Efron invented the bootstrap method in 1979 (see the following section for its applications) and established the connection with the jackknife method. In fact, these two methods have a lot in common and are generally put under the umbrella of resampling methods.

Suppose that we draw a random sample The jackknife techniqueof size n from a probability distribution F, and we denote by The jackknife technique the parameter of interest. Let The jackknife technique be an estimator of The jackknife technique, and here we don't have the probability distribution of The jackknife technique for a given The jackknife technique. Resampling methods will help in carrying out statistical inference when the probability distribution is unknown. A formal definition...

Bootstrap – a statistical method

In this section, we will explore complex statistical functional. What is the statistical distribution of the correlation between two random variables? If normality assumption does not hold for the multivariate data, then what is an alternative way to obtain the standard error and confidence interval? Efron (1979) invented the bootstrap technique, which provides the solutions that enable statistical inference related to complex statistical functionals. In Chapter 1, Introduction to Ensemble Techniques, the permutation test, which repeatedly draws samples of the given sample and carries out the test for each of the resamples, was introduced. In theory, the permutation test requires Bootstrap – a statistical method number of resamples, where m and n are the number of observations in the two samples, though one does take their foot off the pedal after having enough resamples. The bootstrap method works in a similar way and is an important resampling method.

Let Bootstrap – a statistical method be an independent random...

The boot package

The boot package is one of the core R packages, and it is optimized for the implementation of bootstrap methods. In the previous examples, we mostly used loops for carrying out the resampling technique. Here, we will look at how to use the boot R package.

The main structure of the boot function is as follows:

boot(data, statistic, R, sim = "ordinary", stype = c("i", "f", "w"), 
     strata = rep(1,n), L = NULL, m = 0, weights = NULL, 
     ran.gen = function(d, p) d, mle = NULL, simple = FALSE, ...,
     parallel = c("no", "multicore", "snow"),
     ncpus = getOption("boot.ncpus", 1L), cl = NULL)

The central arguments of the function are data, statistic, R, and stype. The data argument is the standard one, as with most R functions. The statistic is the most important argument for the implementation of the boot function and it is this function that will be applied on the bootstrap samples obtained...

Bootstrap and testing hypotheses

We begin the bootstrap hypothesis testing problems with the t-test to compare means and the F-test to compare variances. It is understood that, since we are assuming normal distribution for the two populations under comparison, the distributional properties of the test statistics are well known. To carry out the nonparametric bootstrap for the t-statistic based on the t-test, we first define the function, and then run the bootstrap function boot on the Galton dataset. The Galton dataset is available in the galton data.frame from the RSADBE package. The galton dataset consists of 928 pairs of observations, with the pair consisting of the height of the parent and the height of their child. First, we define the t2 function, load the Galton dataset, and run the boot function as the following unfolds:

> t2 <- function(data,i) {
+   p <- t.test(data[i,1],data[i,2],var.equal=TRUE)$statistic
+   p
+ }
> data(galton)
> gt <- boot(galton,t2,R=100...

Bootstrapping regression models

The US Crime dataset introduced in Chapter 1, Introduction to Ensemble Techniques, is an example of why the linear regression model might be a good fit. In this example, we are interested in understanding the crime rate (R) as a function of thirteen related variables such as average age, the southern state indicator, and so on. Mathematically, the linear regression model is as follows:

Bootstrapping regression models

Here, Bootstrapping regression models are the p-covariates, Bootstrapping regression models is the intercept term, Bootstrapping regression models are the regression coefficients, and Bootstrapping regression models is the error term assumed to follow a normal distribution Bootstrapping regression models. The covariates can be written in a vector form and the ith observation can be summarized as Bootstrapping regression models, where Bootstrapping regression models. The n observations Bootstrapping regression models, are assumed to be stochastically independent. The linear regression model has been detailed in many classical regression books; see Draper and Smith (1999), for instance. A recent book that details the implementation of the linear regression model in R is Ciaburro (2018). As the reader might have guessed...

Bootstrapping survival models*

In the first section, we looked at the role of pseudovalues in carrying out inference related to survival data. The main idea behind the use of pseudovalues is to replace the incomplete observations with an appropriate (expected) value and then use the flexible framework of the generalized estimating equation. Survival analysis and the related specialized methods for it will be detailed in Chapter 10, Ensembling Survival Models, of the book. We will briefly introduce the notation here as required to set up the parameters. Let T denote the survival time, or the time to the event of interest, and we naturally have Bootstrapping survival models*, which is a continuous random variable. Suppose that the lifetime cumulative distribution is F and the associated density function is f. Since the lifetimes T are incomplete for some of the observations and subject to censoring, we will not be able to properly infer about interesting parameters such as mean survival time or median survival time. Since...

Technical requirements


We will be using the following libraries in the chapter:

  • ACSWR

  • boot

  • car

  • gee

  • mvtnorm

  • pseudo

  • RSADBE

  • survival

The jackknife technique


Quenouille (1949) invented the jackknife technique. The purpose of this was to reduce bias by looking at multiple samples of data in a methodical way. The name jackknife seems to have been coined by the well-known statistician John W. Tukey. Due mainly to the lack of computational power, the advances and utility of the jackknife method were restricted. Efron invented the bootstrap method in 1979 (see the following section for its applications) and established the connection with the jackknife method. In fact, these two methods have a lot in common and are generally put under the umbrella of resampling methods.

Suppose that we draw a random sample of size n from a probability distribution F, and we denote by the parameter of interest. Let be an estimator of , and here we don't have the probability distribution of for a given . Resampling methods will help in carrying out statistical inference when the probability distribution is unknown. A formal definition of the...

Left arrow icon Right arrow icon
Download code icon Download Code

Key benefits

  • •Implement machine learning algorithms to build ensemble-efficient models
  • •Explore powerful R packages to create predictive models using ensemble methods
  • •Learn to build ensemble models on large datasets using a practical approach

Description

Ensemble techniques are used for combining two or more similar or dissimilar machine learning algorithms to create a stronger model. Such a model delivers superior prediction power and can give your datasets a boost in accuracy. Hands-On Ensemble Learning with R begins with the important statistical resampling methods. You will then walk through the central trilogy of ensemble techniques – bagging, random forest, and boosting – then you'll learn how they can be used to provide greater accuracy on large datasets using popular R packages. You will learn how to combine model predictions using different machine learning algorithms to build ensemble models. In addition to this, you will explore how to improve the performance of your ensemble models. By the end of this book, you will have learned how machine learning algorithms can be combined to reduce common problems and build simple efficient ensemble models with the help of real-world examples.

Who is this book for?

This book is for you if you are a data scientist or machine learning developer who wants to implement machine learning techniques by building ensemble models with the power of R. You will learn how to combine different machine learning algorithms to perform efficient data processing. Basic knowledge of machine learning techniques and programming knowledge of R would be an added advantage.

What you will learn

  • •Carry out an essential review of re-sampling methods, bootstrap, and jackknife
  • •Explore the key ensemble methods: bagging, random forests, and boosting
  • •Use multiple algorithms to make strong predictive models
  • •Enjoy a comprehensive treatment of boosting methods
  • •Supplement methods with statistical tests, such as ROC
  • •Walk through data structures in classification, regression, survival, and time series data
  • •Use the supplied R code to implement ensemble methods
  • •Learn stacking method to combine heterogeneous machine learning models
Estimated delivery fee Deliver to Great Britain

Standard delivery 1 - 4 business days

£4.95

Premium delivery 1 - 4 business days

£7.95
(Includes tracking information)

Product Details

Country selected
Publication date, Length, Edition, Language, ISBN-13
Publication date : Jul 27, 2018
Length: 376 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781788624145
Category :
Languages :

What do you get with Print?

Product feature icon Instant access to your digital eBook copy whilst your Print order is Shipped
Product feature icon Paperback book shipped to your preferred address
Product feature icon Download this book in EPUB and PDF formats
Product feature icon Access this title in our online reader with advanced features
Product feature icon DRM FREE - Read whenever, wherever and however you want
OR
Modal Close icon
Payment Processing...
tick Completed

Shipping Address

Billing Address

Shipping Methods
Estimated delivery fee Deliver to Great Britain

Standard delivery 1 - 4 business days

£4.95

Premium delivery 1 - 4 business days

£7.95
(Includes tracking information)

Product Details

Publication date : Jul 27, 2018
Length: 376 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781788624145
Category :
Languages :

Packt Subscriptions

See our plans and pricing
Modal Close icon
£16.99 billed monthly
Feature tick icon Unlimited access to Packt's library of 7,000+ practical books and videos
Feature tick icon Constantly refreshed with 50+ new titles a month
Feature tick icon Exclusive Early access to books as they're written
Feature tick icon Solve problems while you work with advanced search and reference features
Feature tick icon Offline reading on the mobile app
Feature tick icon Simple pricing, no contract
£169.99 billed annually
Feature tick icon Unlimited access to Packt's library of 7,000+ practical books and videos
Feature tick icon Constantly refreshed with 50+ new titles a month
Feature tick icon Exclusive Early access to books as they're written
Feature tick icon Solve problems while you work with advanced search and reference features
Feature tick icon Offline reading on the mobile app
Feature tick icon Choose a DRM-free eBook or Video every month to keep
Feature tick icon PLUS own as many other DRM-free eBooks or Videos as you like for just £5 each
Feature tick icon Exclusive print discounts
£234.99 billed in 18 months
Feature tick icon Unlimited access to Packt's library of 7,000+ practical books and videos
Feature tick icon Constantly refreshed with 50+ new titles a month
Feature tick icon Exclusive Early access to books as they're written
Feature tick icon Solve problems while you work with advanced search and reference features
Feature tick icon Offline reading on the mobile app
Feature tick icon Choose a DRM-free eBook or Video every month to keep
Feature tick icon PLUS own as many other DRM-free eBooks or Videos as you like for just £5 each
Feature tick icon Exclusive print discounts

Frequently bought together


Stars icon
Total £ 99.97
Hands-On Time Series Analysis with R
£29.99
Hands-On Ensemble Learning with R
£36.99
R Deep Learning Essentials
£32.99
Total £ 99.97 Stars icon
Banner background image

Table of Contents

14 Chapters
1. Introduction to Ensemble Techniques Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Bootstrapping Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Bagging Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Random Forests Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. The Bare Bones Boosting Algorithms Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Boosting Refinements Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. The General Ensemble Technique Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. Ensemble Diagnostics Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
9. Ensembling Regression Models Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
10. Ensembling Survival Models Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
11. Ensembling Time Series Models Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
12. What's Next? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
A. Bibliography Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

Rating distribution
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 3
(1 Ratings)
5 star 0%
4 star 0%
3 star 100%
2 star 0%
1 star 0%
Grady Heller Aug 30, 2023
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 3
The book itself was poorly printed and the content is basically just code put together without sufficient explanation and is more of a basic cook book.Dislikes- print was straight up BAD with print errors and some illegible charts, weird grammar here and there, and a number of things are just not explained by the author - if I didn't already know machine learning to some extent I'd be lost and it can also just be very hard to follow the author and that's a rough combination.Likes - does provide some intro info on ensembles, lots of basic coding examples, includes sections on survival and time series applications to help round out the content, and I do find the book to be practical if you just want to get a start with ensemble techniques after learning basic machine learning techniques.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Get free access to Packt library with over 7500+ books and video courses for 7 days!
Start Free Trial

FAQs

What is the delivery time and cost of print book? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela
What is custom duty/charge? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customs duty are charges levied on goods when they cross international borders. It is a tax that is imposed on imported goods. These duties are charged by special authorities and bodies created by local governments and are meant to protect local industries, economies, and businesses.

Do I have to pay customs charges for the print book order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The orders shipped to the countries that are listed under EU27 will not bear custom charges. They are paid by Packt as part of the order.

List of EU27 countries: www.gov.uk/eu-eea:

A custom duty or localized taxes may be applicable on the shipment and would be charged by the recipient country outside of the EU27 which should be paid by the customer and these duties are not included in the shipping charges been charged on the order.

How do I know my custom duty charges? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The amount of duty payable varies greatly depending on the imported goods, the country of origin and several other factors like the total invoice amount or dimensions like weight, and other such criteria applicable in your country.

For example:

  • If you live in Mexico, and the declared value of your ordered items is over $ 50, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 19% which will be $ 9.50 to the courier service.
  • Whereas if you live in Turkey, and the declared value of your ordered items is over € 22, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 18% which will be € 3.96 to the courier service.
How can I cancel my order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Cancellation Policy for Published Printed Books:

You can cancel any order within 1 hour of placing the order. Simply contact customercare@packt.com with your order details or payment transaction id. If your order has already started the shipment process, we will do our best to stop it. However, if it is already on the way to you then when you receive it, you can contact us at customercare@packt.com using the returns and refund process.

Please understand that Packt Publishing cannot provide refunds or cancel any order except for the cases described in our Return Policy (i.e. Packt Publishing agrees to replace your printed book because it arrives damaged or material defect in book), Packt Publishing will not accept returns.

What is your returns and refunds policy? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Return Policy:

We want you to be happy with your purchase from Packtpub.com. We will not hassle you with returning print books to us. If the print book you receive from us is incorrect, damaged, doesn't work or is unacceptably late, please contact Customer Relations Team on customercare@packt.com with the order number and issue details as explained below:

  1. If you ordered (eBook, Video or Print Book) incorrectly or accidentally, please contact Customer Relations Team on customercare@packt.com within one hour of placing the order and we will replace/refund you the item cost.
  2. Sadly, if your eBook or Video file is faulty or a fault occurs during the eBook or Video being made available to you, i.e. during download then you should contact Customer Relations Team within 14 days of purchase on customercare@packt.com who will be able to resolve this issue for you.
  3. You will have a choice of replacement or refund of the problem items.(damaged, defective or incorrect)
  4. Once Customer Care Team confirms that you will be refunded, you should receive the refund within 10 to 12 working days.
  5. If you are only requesting a refund of one book from a multiple order, then we will refund you the appropriate single item.
  6. Where the items were shipped under a free shipping offer, there will be no shipping costs to refund.

On the off chance your printed book arrives damaged, with book material defect, contact our Customer Relation Team on customercare@packt.com within 14 days of receipt of the book with appropriate evidence of damage and we will work with you to secure a replacement copy, if necessary. Please note that each printed book you order from us is individually made by Packt's professional book-printing partner which is on a print-on-demand basis.

What tax is charged? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Currently, no tax is charged on the purchase of any print book (subject to change based on the laws and regulations). A localized VAT fee is charged only to our European and UK customers on eBooks, Video and subscriptions that they buy. GST is charged to Indian customers for eBooks and video purchases.

What payment methods can I use? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

You can pay with the following card types:

  1. Visa Debit
  2. Visa Credit
  3. MasterCard
  4. PayPal
What is the delivery time and cost of print books? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela