Summary
We carefully examined combining data vertically, also known as concatenating, and combining data horizontally, also known as merging, in this chapter. We went over key data issues when concatenating data, including different columns across files. We also considered key issues with merging data, such as missing merge-by column values and the unexpected duplication of data. We looked at how those issues change with the type of join used. In the next chapter, we will learn about tidying and reshaping messy data.
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