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SELinux Cookbook
SELinux Cookbook

SELinux Cookbook: Over 70 hands-on recipes to develop fully functional policies to confine your applications and users using SELinux

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SELinux Cookbook

Chapter 2. Dealing with File Labels

In this chapter, we will cover how file labels are set and managed, and learn how to configure the SELinux policy ourselves to use and assign the right file labels. The recipes that this chapter covers are as follows:

  • Defining file contexts through patterns
  • Using substitution definitions
  • Enhancing an SELinux policy with file transitions
  • Setting resource-sensitivity labels
  • Configuring sensitivity categories

Introduction

Setting, resetting, and governing file labels are the most common tasks administrators have to perform on an SELinux-enabled system. The policies that are provided by policy developers as well as Linux distributions offer sane defaults to use, but many implementations harbor different locations for services and files. Companies often install their custom scripts and logfiles in nondefault locations, and many daemons can be configured to support multiple instances on the same system—each of them using a different base directory.

System administrators will know how to set context definitions through the semanage application and then reset the contexts of the target files using setfiles or restorecon:

~# semanage fcontext –a –t httpd_sys_content_t "/srv/web/zone/htdocs(/.*)?"
~# restorecon –RF /srv/web/zone/htdocs

This, however, is a local definition, which, if necessary, needs to be exported and imported in order to transfer it to other systems...

Defining file contexts through patterns

SELinux policy modules can contain file context definitions through their .fc files. In these files, path expressions are used to point to the various locations that should match a particular file context, and class identifiers are used to differentiate file context definitions based on the file class (directories, regular files, symbolic links, and more).

In this recipe, we'll create a mylogging SELinux module, which defines additional path specifications for logging-related contexts. We will use direct file paths as well as regular expressions, and take a look at the various class identifiers.

How to do it…

To define a file context through an SELinux policy module, use the following approach:

  1. With matchpathcon, we can check what is the context that the SELinux tools would reset the resource to:
    ~# matchpathcon /service/log
    /service/log  system_u:object_r:default_t
    
  2. Create the mylogging.te file in which we mention the types that are going to...

Using substitution definitions

Sometimes, applications and their resources get installed at different locations than expected by the SELinux policy. Trying to accommodate this by defining additional context definitions for each and every subdirectory can easily become unmanageable.

To help administrators, the SELinux utilities support substitution entries, which tell SELinux "if a path starts with this, then label it as if it starts with that". Administrators can set such a substitution (which is called an equivalence class) using semanage, as follows:

~# semanage fcontext –a –e / /mnt/chroots/bind

In this example, any location under /mnt/chroots/bind/ will be labeled as if it started from the main / directory (so /mnt/chroots/bind/etc/ becomes etc_t as /etc/ is etc_t).

Target locations for chroots are a good use case for this. A chroot is an alternate location on the filesystem, which will act as the root filesystem for one or a set of applications.

For administrators...

Enhancing an SELinux policy with file transitions

Up until now, we've only handled the configuration part on file contexts: if we would ask SELinux utilities to relabel files, then the changes we made would come into effect. However, unless you run with the restorecond daemon checking out all possible file modifications (which would really be a resource hog) or run restorecon manually against all files regularly, the newly defined contexts will not be applied to the files.

What we need to do is modify the local SELinux policy so that, upon creation of these files, the Linux kernel automatically assigns the right label to those files. This is handled through file transitions, which is a specific case of a type transition.

In a type transition, we configure a policy so that if a given domain creates a file (or other resource class) inside a directory with a specified label, then the created object should automatically get a specific label. Policy-wise, this is written as follows:

type_transition...

Setting resource-sensitivity labels

When an SELinux policy is MLS-enabled and supports multiple sensitivities (which is not the case with MCS, as MCS only has a single sensitivity), then SELinux can govern information flow and access between a domain and one or more resources based on the clearance of the domain and the sensitivity level of the resource. But even with a single sensitivity (as is the case with MCS), SELinux has additional constraint support to ensure that domains cannot access resources that have one of the categories assigned that the domain doesn't have clearance for.

A sensitivity level consists of a sensitivity (s0 is generally being used for the lowest sensitivity and s15—which is a policy build-time constant and thus can be configured—is the highest sensitivity) together with a category set (which can be a list such as c0,c5,c8.c10).

A security clearance is similar to a sensitivity level but shows a sensitivity range (such as s0-s3) instead of a single...

Introduction


Setting, resetting, and governing file labels are the most common tasks administrators have to perform on an SELinux-enabled system. The policies that are provided by policy developers as well as Linux distributions offer sane defaults to use, but many implementations harbor different locations for services and files. Companies often install their custom scripts and logfiles in nondefault locations, and many daemons can be configured to support multiple instances on the same system—each of them using a different base directory.

System administrators will know how to set context definitions through the semanage application and then reset the contexts of the target files using setfiles or restorecon:

~# semanage fcontext –a –t httpd_sys_content_t "/srv/web/zone/htdocs(/.*)?"
~# restorecon –RF /srv/web/zone/htdocs

This, however, is a local definition, which, if necessary, needs to be exported and imported in order to transfer it to other systems:

~# semanage export -f local_selinux...
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Description

If you are a Linux system administrator or a Linux-based service administrator and want to fine-tune SELinux to implement a supported, mature, and proven access control system, then this book is for you. Basic experience with SELinux enabled distributions is expected.
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Publication date : Sep 23, 2014
Length: 240 pages
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Language : English
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Table of Contents

11 Chapters
1. The SELinux Development Environment Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Dealing with File Labels Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Confining Web Applications Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Creating a Desktop Application Policy Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Creating a Server Policy Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Setting Up Separate Roles Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. Choosing the Confinement Level Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. Debugging SELinux Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
9. Aligning SELinux with DAC Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
10. Handling SELinux-aware Applications Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

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Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Half star icon 4.3
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Kindle Customer Mar 16, 2015
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
I have been using Fedora Linux for years now. And the first thing that I've always done is disable SELinux. Thanks to this book, I am now running Fedora "properly" with SELinux in full enforcement mode with no problems. The book explained what was going on and how to address the various problems that I had been having. Excellent!
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Steven A. Falco Jan 18, 2015
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
For a long time I avoided SELinux. It was too complicated and too poorly documented; so I just disabled it on my computers. Yet, I was always uncomfortable that I was leaving my systems open to being hacked. Along comes the "SELinux Cookbook", and I finally have enough info to use SELinux effectively. The book covers a number of topics: First, it helps set up some tools for building SELinux modules as well as examining the default configuration provided by the Operating System. It then goes on to provide techniques for securing Web servers, applications, and entire server systems. It has an excellent chapter on debugging SELinux problems that helped me determine if SELinux was actually at fault. (In some cases, other subsystems like firewalls might be at fault - you need to determine that before wasting time looking in the wrong place for a problem).One thing I particularly like about this book is that it clearly states the "why" behind the various examples. Too often, a book will say "do this" and leave me wondering "why? " That is not the case here - the author always explains how to do something , and then follows up with a justification for the given solution. In many of the examples, there is additional information describing limitations within SELinux. That is a big help; there is no point to trying to make the tools do something they cannot do.Altogether I am happy to have found this book. Any time I can learn something new, it is a good day. :-)
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ML Feb 18, 2015
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
What it is SE Linux ?, the main meaning of SE Linux is (extracted from Wikipedia) : “ is a Linux kernel security module that provides a mechanism for supporting access control security policies. SELinux is a set of kernel modifications and user-space tools that have been added to various Linux distributions. Its architecture strives to separate enforcement of security decisions from the security policy itself and streamlines the volume of software charged with security policy enforcement.”So it is clear that SE Linux is not a linux distribution but it is a kernel module that provides mechanism over access of linux security policies. Now Packt Publishing is offering a new cookbook based on SE Linux for those experienced Linux system administrators and security administrators who wants to improve their knowledge or how to add more security for their linux systems and server.However the book is written based on Gentoo Linux (which is not really important, because this book is independent of linux distritbutions). The book focus on the structure and the reusable policy inside SE Linux and you will be able to create your first set of SE Linux module policy that will be integrated with the existing SELinux policies.The main topics of the book are (this are the chapters of the book):Get knowledge SE Linux Development Environment.Working with File Labels.Connifing Web Applications.Creating Server Policies.Setting up Separate Roles.Choosing theConnifing Levels.Debugging SELinux.Alligning SELinux with DAC.Handling SELinux-Aware Applications.One important point of view, you should have experience in Linux system administration, SELinux policy development and integration that requires good knowledge of the components how to confine and protect. You should have experience with Git version control system as an end user and also basic knowledge of how SELinux works on a system.A real practical book for those who wants to have deep experience on SE Linux system and how to add more secure policies in your linux servers!.
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CNC guy Feb 09, 2015
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon 4
This is a great place to start if you don't know anything about SELinux. I must confess that although I have used Linux since the days when you had to boot it from a floppy disk, I have very little experience with SELinux, however. SELinux has always been kind of mysterious for me. No more after reading this book.
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Matteo Jan 21, 2015
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon 4
This book provides a simple(relative to SElinux) rulebook to create and evaluate SElinux rulesets so that you can harden or evaluate your linux server security. If you never touched SElinux before, chances are that you will find that book complex beyond reason, keep some references/documentation within reach and, more importantly, try "breaking stuff" with some test VMs so you will understand what you are typing/executing(don't do it on a production server as borked SElinux rules can and will bring it down hard :)).
Amazon Verified review Amazon
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