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Python 3 Object-Oriented Programming
Python 3 Object-Oriented Programming

Python 3 Object-Oriented Programming: Build robust and maintainable software with object-oriented design patterns in Python 3.8 , Third Edition

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Python 3 Object-Oriented Programming

Objects in Python

So, we now have a design in hand and are ready to turn that design into a working program! Of course, it doesn't usually happen this way. We'll be seeing examples and hints for good software design throughout the book, but our focus is object-oriented programming. So, let's have a look at the Python syntax that allows us to create object-oriented software.

After completing this chapter, we will understand the following:

  • How to create classes and instantiate objects in Python
  • How to add attributes and behaviors to Python objects
  • How to organize classes into packages and modules
  • How to suggest that people don't clobber our data

Creating Python classes

We don't have to write much Python code to realize that Python is a very clean language. When we want to do something, we can just do it, without having to set up a bunch of prerequisite code. The ubiquitous hello world in Python, as you've likely seen, is only one line.

Similarly, the simplest class in Python 3 looks like this:

class MyFirstClass: 
    pass 

There's our first object-oriented program! The class definition starts with the class keyword. This is followed by a name (of our choice) identifying the class, and is terminated with a colon.

The class name must follow standard Python variable naming rules (it must start with a letter or underscore, and can only be comprised of letters, underscores, or numbers). In addition, the Python style guide (search the web for PEP 8) recommends that classes should be named using CapWords...

Modules and packages

Now we know how to create classes and instantiate objects. You don't need to write too many classes (or non-object-oriented code, for that matter) before you start to lose track of them. For small programs, we can just put all our classes into one file and add a little script at the end of the file to start them interacting. However, as our projects grow, it can become difficult to find the one class that needs to be edited among the many classes we've defined. This is where modules come in. Modules are simply Python files, nothing more. The single file in our small program is a module. Two Python files are two modules. If we have two files in the same folder, we can load a class from one module for use in the other module.

For example, if we are building an e-commerce system, we will likely be storing a lot of data in a database. We can put all...

Organizing module content

Inside any one module, we can specify variables, classes, or functions. They can be a handy way to store the global state without namespace conflicts. For example, we have been importing the Database class into various modules and then instantiating it, but it might make more sense to have only one database object globally available from the database module. The database module might look like this:

class Database: 
    # the database implementation 
    pass 
 
database = Database() 

Then we can use any of the import methods we've discussed to access the database object, for example:

from ecommerce.database import database 

A problem with the preceding class is that the database object is created immediately when the module is first imported, which is usually when the program starts up. This isn't always ideal, since connecting to a database...

Who can access my data?

Most object-oriented programming languages have a concept of access control. This is related to abstraction. Some attributes and methods on an object are marked private, meaning only that object can access them. Others are marked protected, meaning only that class and any subclasses have access. The rest are public, meaning any other object is allowed to access them.

Python doesn't do this. Python doesn't really believe in enforcing laws that might someday get in your way. Instead, it provides unenforced guidelines and best practices. Technically, all methods and attributes on a class are publicly available. If we want to suggest that a method should not be used publicly, we can put a note in docstrings indicating that the method is meant for internal use only (preferably, with an explanation of how the public-facing API works!).

By convention...

Third-party libraries

Python ships with a lovely standard library, which is a collection of packages and modules that are available on every machine that runs Python. However, you'll soon find that it doesn't contain everything you need. When this happens, you have two options:

  • Write a supporting package yourself
  • Use somebody else's code

We won't be covering the details about turning your packages into libraries, but if you have a problem you need to solve and you don't feel like coding it (the best programmers are extremely lazy and prefer to reuse existing, proven code, rather than write their own), you can probably find the library you want on the Python Package Index (PyPI) at http://pypi.python.org/. Once you've identified a package that you want to install, you can use a tool called pip to install it. However, pip does not come with Python...

Case study

To tie it all together, let's build a simple command-line notebook application. This is a fairly simple task, so we won't be experimenting with multiple packages. We will, however, see common usage of classes, functions, methods, and docstrings.

Let's start with a quick analysis: notes are short memos stored in a notebook. Each note should record the day it was written and can have tags added for easy querying. It should be possible to modify notes. We also need to be able to search for notes. All of these things should be done from the command line.

An obvious object is the Note object; a less obvious one is a Notebook container object. Tags and dates also seem to be objects, but we can use dates from Python's standard library and a comma-separated string for tags. To avoid complexity, in the prototype, we need not define separate classes for these...

Exercises

Write some object-oriented code. The goal is to use the principles and syntax you learned in this chapter to ensure you understand the topics we've covered. If you've been working on a Python project, go back over it and see whether there are some objects you can create and add properties or methods to. If it's large, try dividing it into a few modules or even packages and play with the syntax.

If you don't have such a project, try starting a new one. It doesn't have to be something you intend to finish; just stub out some basic design parts. You don't need to fully implement everything; often, just a print("this method will do something") is all you need to get the overall design in place. This is called top-down design, in which you work out the different interactions and describe how they should work before actually implementing...

Summary

In this chapter, we learned how simple it is to create classes and assign properties and methods in Python. Unlike many languages, Python differentiates between a constructor and an initializer. It has a relaxed attitude toward access control. There are many different levels of scope, including packages, modules, classes, and functions. We understood the difference between relative and absolute imports, and how to manage third-party packages that don't come with Python.

In the next chapter, we'll learn how to share implementation using inheritance.

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Key benefits

  • In-depth analysis of many common object-oriented design patterns that are more suitable to Python's unique style
  • Learn the latest Python syntax and libraries
  • Explore abstract design patterns and implement them in Python 3.8

Description

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a popular design paradigm in which data and behaviors are encapsulated in such a way that they can be manipulated together. This third edition of Python 3 Object-Oriented Programming fully explains classes, data encapsulation, and exceptions with an emphasis on when you can use each principle to develop well-designed software. Starting with a detailed analysis of object-oriented programming, you will use the Python programming language to clearly grasp key concepts from the object-oriented paradigm. You will learn how to create maintainable applications by studying higher level design patterns. The book will show you the complexities of string and file manipulation, and how Python distinguishes between binary and textual data. Not one, but two very powerful automated testing systems, unittest and pytest, will be introduced in this book. You'll get a comprehensive introduction to Python's concurrent programming ecosystem. By the end of the book, you will have thoroughly learned object-oriented principles using Python syntax and be able to create robust and reliable programs confidently.

Who is this book for?

If you're new to object-oriented programming techniques, or if you have basic Python skills and wish to learn in depth how and when to correctly apply OOP in Python, this is the book for you. If you are an object-oriented programmer for other languages or seeking a leg up in the new world of Python 3.8, you too will find this book a useful introduction to Python. Previous experience with Python 3 is not necessary.

What you will learn

  • Implement objects in Python by creating classes and defining methods
  • Grasp common concurrency techniques and pitfalls in Python 3
  • Extend class functionality using inheritance
  • Understand when to use object-oriented features, and more importantly when not to use them
  • Discover what design patterns are and why they are different in Python
  • Uncover the simplicity of unit testing and why it s so important in Python
  • Explore concurrent object-oriented programming
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Length: 466 pages
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Table of Contents

14 Chapters
Object-Oriented Design Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Objects in Python Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
When Objects Are Alike Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Expecting the Unexpected Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
When to Use Object-Oriented Programming Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Python Data Structures Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Python Object-Oriented Shortcuts Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Strings and Serialization Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
The Iterator Pattern Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Python Design Patterns I Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Python Design Patterns II Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Testing Object-Oriented Programs Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Concurrency Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Other Books You May Enjoy Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

Top Reviews
Rating distribution
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Half star icon 4.3
(30 Ratings)
5 star 63.3%
4 star 23.3%
3 star 3.3%
2 star 3.3%
1 star 6.7%
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David Nov 19, 2019
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Any developer interested in OOP by Python should read this book before learning other topics by Python; strongly recommended.
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Wilfried Feb 06, 2019
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Das Buch stellt keine Einführung in Python dar, sondern erwartet vom Leser schon einige Python Programm geschrieben zu haben. Dabei wird das Hauptaugenmerk darauf gelegt, besser verständliche und wartbare Programme zu schreiben durch den Einsatz der Konzepte der Objekt Orientierter Programmierung (OOP).In den ersten Kapiteln, die zunächst keinen Bezug zur Sprache Python haben, werden auch Objekt Orientiertes Analyse und Objekt Orientiertes Design, sowie die a Unified Modeling Language (UML) Sprache nicht ausgelassen.Der Rest des Buches behandelt die Themen immer anhand der Implementierung in Python. Hier werden aber auch die Grenzen des sinnvollen Einsatzes von OOP aufgezeigt und Alternativen erwähnt, wie zum Beispiel im Kapitel 8 die regulären Ausdrücke.Jedes Kapitel enthält viele Programmbeispiele und eine größere Fall Studie, die detailliert besprochen wird.Das Buch ist sehr konsequent und sinnvoll aufgebaut.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Beth Jun 04, 2020
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
I have been working with Python three for a couple of years now in data analysis, but lacked complete mastery in a software sense. This book is the perfect solution . It has helped me learn what I needed to know grow my career! Solid foundation of object oriented programming that is simple to understand and deploy.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
gopi Apr 26, 2023
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
I tried to learn Python by watching videos on YouTube and looking up information online. However, I found myself feeling lost when it came to understanding functions, for loops, tuples, lists, and other topics. because was unable to connect the dots between everything. This ebook provides a clear summary of each topic related to Python. for eg: if you are reading for loops then you will see a table that outline commonly used variables within for loops, among other helpful information.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Arghyadeep Pradhan Apr 03, 2023
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
It's a good product
Amazon Verified review Amazon
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