Search icon CANCEL
Subscription
0
Cart icon
Your Cart (0 item)
Close icon
You have no products in your basket yet
Save more on your purchases! discount-offer-chevron-icon
Savings automatically calculated. No voucher code required.
Arrow left icon
Explore Products
Best Sellers
New Releases
Books
Videos
Audiobooks
Learning Hub
Free Learning
Arrow right icon
Natural Language Processing with Python Quick Start Guide
Natural Language Processing with Python Quick Start Guide

Natural Language Processing with Python Quick Start Guide: Going from a Python developer to an effective Natural Language Processing Engineer

eBook
$9.99 $25.99
Paperback
$32.99
Subscription
Free Trial
Renews at $19.99p/m

What do you get with Print?

Product feature icon Instant access to your digital eBook copy whilst your Print order is Shipped
Product feature icon Paperback book shipped to your preferred address
Product feature icon Download this book in EPUB and PDF formats
Product feature icon Access this title in our online reader with advanced features
Product feature icon DRM FREE - Read whenever, wherever and however you want
OR
Modal Close icon
Payment Processing...
tick Completed

Shipping Address

Billing Address

Shipping Methods
Table of content icon View table of contents Preview book icon Preview Book

Natural Language Processing with Python Quick Start Guide

Tidying your Text

Data cleaning is one of the most important and time-consuming tasks when it comes to natural language processing (NLP):

"There's the joke that 80 percent of data science is cleaning the data and 20 percent is complaining about cleaning the data."
– Kaggle founder and CEO Anthony Goldbloom in a Verge Interview

In this chapter, we will discuss some of the most common text pre-processing ideas. This task is universal, tedious, and unavoidable. Most people working in data science or NLP understand that it's an underrated value addition. Some of these tasks don't work well in isolation but have a powerful effect when used in the right combination and order. This chapter will introduce several new words and tools, since the field has a rich history from two worlds. It borrows from both traditional NLP and machine learning. We&apos...

Bread and butter – most common tasks

There are several well-known text cleaning ideas. They have all made their way into the most popular tools today such as NLTK, Stanford CoreNLP, and spaCy. I like spaCy for two main reasons:

  • It's an industry-grade NLP, unlike NLTK, which is mainly meant for teaching.
  • It has good speed-to-performance trade-off. spaCy is written in Cython, which gives it C-like performance with Python code.

spaCy is actively maintained and developed, and incorporates the best methods available for most challenges.

By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:

  • Understand tokenization and do it manually yourself using spaCy
  • Understand why stop word removal and case standardization works, with spaCy examples
  • Differentiate between stemming and lemmatization, with spaCy lemmatization examples
...

Tokenization

Given a character sequence and a defined document unit, tokenization is the task of chopping it up into pieces, called tokens , perhaps at the same time throwing away certain characters, such as punctuation.
Here is an example of tokenization:

Input: Friends, Romans, Countrymen, lend me your ears;
Output: .

It is, in fact, sometimes useful to distinguish between tokens and words. But here, for ease of understanding, we will use them interchangeably.

We will convert the raw text into a list of words. This should preserve the original ordering of the text.

There are several ways to do this, so let's try a few of them out. We will program two methods from scratch to build our intuition, and then check how spaCy handles tokenization.

Intuitive – split by...

Stemming and lemmatization

Stemming and lemmatization are very two very popular ideas that are used to reduce the vocabulary size of your corpus.

Stemming usually refers to a crude heuristic process that chops off the ends of words in the hope of achieving this goal correctly most of the time, and often includes the removal of derivational affixes.

Lemmatization usually refers to doing things properly with the use of a vocabulary and morphological analysis of words, normally aiming to remove inflectional endings only and to return the base or dictionary form of a word, which is known as the lemma.

If confronted with the token saw, stemming might return just s, whereas lemmatization would attempt to return either see or saw, depending on whether the use of the token was as a verb or a noun.
- Dr. Christopher Manning et al, 2008, [IR-Book]
(Chris Manning is a Professor in machine...

spaCy compared with NLTK and CoreNLP

The following is a comparison of the NLTK and CoreNLP:

Feature Spacy NLTK CoreNLP
Native Python support/API Y Y Y
Multi-language support Y Y Y
Tokenization Y Y Y
Part-of-speech tagging Y Y Y
Sentence segmentation Y Y Y
Dependency parsing Y N Y
Entity recognition Y Y Y
Integrated word vectors Y N N
Sentiment analysis Y Y Y
Coreference resolution N N Y

Correcting spelling

One of the most frequently seen text challenges is correcting spelling errors. This is all the more true when data is entered by casual human users, for instance, shipping addresses or similar.

Let's look at an example. We want to correct Gujrat, Gujart, and other minor misspellings to Gujarat. There are several good ways to do this, depending on your dataset and level of expertise. We will discuss two or three popular ways, and discuss their pros and cons.

Before I begin, we need to pay homage to the legendary Peter Norvig's Spell Correct. It's still worth a read on how to think about solving a problem and exploring implementations. Even the way he refactors his code and writes functions is educational.

His spell-correction module is not the simplest or best way of doing this. I recommend two packages: one with a bias toward simplicity, one...

Cleaning a corpus with FlashText

But what about a web-scale corpus with millions of documents and a few thousand keywords? Regex can take several days to run over such exact searches because of its linear time complexity. How can we improve this?

We can use FlashText for this very specific use case:

  • A few million documents with a few thousand keywords
  • Exact keyword matches either by replacing or searching for the presence of those keywords

Of course, there are several different possible solutions to this problem. I recommend this for its simplicity and focus on solving one problem. It does not require us to learn new syntax or set up specific tools such as ElasticSearch.

The following table gives you a comparison of using Flashtext versus compiled regex for searching:

The following tables gives you a comparison of using FlashText versus compiled regex for substitutions...

Summary

This chapter covered a lot of new ground. We started by performing linguistic processing on our text. We met spaCy, which we will continue to dive deeper into as we move on in this book. We covered the following foundational ideas from linguistics, tokenization doing this with and without spaCy, stop word removal, case standardization, lemmatization (we skipped stemming) using spaCy and its peculiarities such as-PRON-

But what do we do with spaCy, other than text cleaning? Can we build something? Yes!

Not only can we extend our simple linguistics based text cleaning using spaCy pipelines but also do parts of speech tagging, named entity recognition, and other common tasks. We will look at this in the next chapter.

We looked at spelling correction or the closest word match problem. We discussed FuzzyWuzzy and Jellyfish in this context. To ensure that we can scale...

Left arrow icon Right arrow icon
Download code icon Download Code

Key benefits

  • A no-math, code-driven programmer’s guide to text processing and NLP
  • Get state of the art results with modern tooling across linguistics, text vectors and machine learning
  • Fundamentals of NLP methods from spaCy, gensim, scikit-learn and PyTorch

Description

NLP in Python is among the most sought after skills among data scientists. With code and relevant case studies, this book will show how you can use industry-grade tools to implement NLP programs capable of learning from relevant data. We will explore many modern methods ranging from spaCy to word vectors that have reinvented NLP. The book takes you from the basics of NLP to building text processing applications. We start with an introduction to the basic vocabulary along with a work?ow for building NLP applications. We use industry-grade NLP tools for cleaning and pre-processing text, automatic question and answer generation using linguistics, text embedding, text classifier, and building a chatbot. With each project, you will learn a new concept of NLP. You will learn about entity recognition, part of speech tagging and dependency parsing for Q and A. We use text embedding for both clustering documents and making chatbots, and then build classifiers using scikit-learn. We conclude by deploying these models as REST APIs with Flask. By the end, you will be confident building NLP applications, and know exactly what to look for when approaching new challenges.

Who is this book for?

Programmers who wish to build systems that can interpret language. Exposure to Python programming is required. Familiarity with NLP or machine learning vocabulary will be helpful, but not mandatory.

What you will learn

  • Understand classical linguistics in using English grammar for automatically generating questions and answers from a free text corpus
  • Work with text embedding models for dense number representations of words, subwords and characters in the English language for exploring document clustering
  • Deep Learning in NLP using PyTorch with a code-driven introduction to PyTorch
  • Using an NLP project management Framework for estimating timelines and organizing your project into stages
  • Hack and build a simple chatbot application in 30 minutes
  • Deploy an NLP or machine learning application using Flask as RESTFUL APIs
Estimated delivery fee Deliver to Egypt

Standard delivery 10 - 13 business days

$12.95

Premium delivery 3 - 6 business days

$34.95
(Includes tracking information)

Product Details

Country selected
Publication date, Length, Edition, Language, ISBN-13
Publication date : Nov 30, 2018
Length: 182 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781789130386
Category :
Languages :
Tools :

What do you get with Print?

Product feature icon Instant access to your digital eBook copy whilst your Print order is Shipped
Product feature icon Paperback book shipped to your preferred address
Product feature icon Download this book in EPUB and PDF formats
Product feature icon Access this title in our online reader with advanced features
Product feature icon DRM FREE - Read whenever, wherever and however you want
OR
Modal Close icon
Payment Processing...
tick Completed

Shipping Address

Billing Address

Shipping Methods
Estimated delivery fee Deliver to Egypt

Standard delivery 10 - 13 business days

$12.95

Premium delivery 3 - 6 business days

$34.95
(Includes tracking information)

Product Details

Publication date : Nov 30, 2018
Length: 182 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781789130386
Category :
Languages :
Tools :

Packt Subscriptions

See our plans and pricing
Modal Close icon
$19.99 billed monthly
Feature tick icon Unlimited access to Packt's library of 7,000+ practical books and videos
Feature tick icon Constantly refreshed with 50+ new titles a month
Feature tick icon Exclusive Early access to books as they're written
Feature tick icon Solve problems while you work with advanced search and reference features
Feature tick icon Offline reading on the mobile app
Feature tick icon Simple pricing, no contract
$199.99 billed annually
Feature tick icon Unlimited access to Packt's library of 7,000+ practical books and videos
Feature tick icon Constantly refreshed with 50+ new titles a month
Feature tick icon Exclusive Early access to books as they're written
Feature tick icon Solve problems while you work with advanced search and reference features
Feature tick icon Offline reading on the mobile app
Feature tick icon Choose a DRM-free eBook or Video every month to keep
Feature tick icon PLUS own as many other DRM-free eBooks or Videos as you like for just $5 each
Feature tick icon Exclusive print discounts
$279.99 billed in 18 months
Feature tick icon Unlimited access to Packt's library of 7,000+ practical books and videos
Feature tick icon Constantly refreshed with 50+ new titles a month
Feature tick icon Exclusive Early access to books as they're written
Feature tick icon Solve problems while you work with advanced search and reference features
Feature tick icon Offline reading on the mobile app
Feature tick icon Choose a DRM-free eBook or Video every month to keep
Feature tick icon PLUS own as many other DRM-free eBooks or Videos as you like for just $5 each
Feature tick icon Exclusive print discounts

Frequently bought together


Stars icon
Total $ 109.97
Hands-On Natural Language Processing with Python
$43.99
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Fundamentals
$32.99
Natural Language Processing with Python Quick Start Guide
$32.99
Total $ 109.97 Stars icon
Banner background image

Table of Contents

9 Chapters
Getting Started with Text Classification Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Tidying your Text Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Leveraging Linguistics Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Text Representations - Words to Numbers Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Modern Methods for Classification Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Deep Learning for NLP Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Building your Own Chatbot Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Web Deployments Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Other Books You May Enjoy Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Get free access to Packt library with over 7500+ books and video courses for 7 days!
Start Free Trial

FAQs

What is the delivery time and cost of print book? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela
What is custom duty/charge? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customs duty are charges levied on goods when they cross international borders. It is a tax that is imposed on imported goods. These duties are charged by special authorities and bodies created by local governments and are meant to protect local industries, economies, and businesses.

Do I have to pay customs charges for the print book order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The orders shipped to the countries that are listed under EU27 will not bear custom charges. They are paid by Packt as part of the order.

List of EU27 countries: www.gov.uk/eu-eea:

A custom duty or localized taxes may be applicable on the shipment and would be charged by the recipient country outside of the EU27 which should be paid by the customer and these duties are not included in the shipping charges been charged on the order.

How do I know my custom duty charges? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The amount of duty payable varies greatly depending on the imported goods, the country of origin and several other factors like the total invoice amount or dimensions like weight, and other such criteria applicable in your country.

For example:

  • If you live in Mexico, and the declared value of your ordered items is over $ 50, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 19% which will be $ 9.50 to the courier service.
  • Whereas if you live in Turkey, and the declared value of your ordered items is over € 22, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 18% which will be € 3.96 to the courier service.
How can I cancel my order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Cancellation Policy for Published Printed Books:

You can cancel any order within 1 hour of placing the order. Simply contact customercare@packt.com with your order details or payment transaction id. If your order has already started the shipment process, we will do our best to stop it. However, if it is already on the way to you then when you receive it, you can contact us at customercare@packt.com using the returns and refund process.

Please understand that Packt Publishing cannot provide refunds or cancel any order except for the cases described in our Return Policy (i.e. Packt Publishing agrees to replace your printed book because it arrives damaged or material defect in book), Packt Publishing will not accept returns.

What is your returns and refunds policy? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Return Policy:

We want you to be happy with your purchase from Packtpub.com. We will not hassle you with returning print books to us. If the print book you receive from us is incorrect, damaged, doesn't work or is unacceptably late, please contact Customer Relations Team on customercare@packt.com with the order number and issue details as explained below:

  1. If you ordered (eBook, Video or Print Book) incorrectly or accidentally, please contact Customer Relations Team on customercare@packt.com within one hour of placing the order and we will replace/refund you the item cost.
  2. Sadly, if your eBook or Video file is faulty or a fault occurs during the eBook or Video being made available to you, i.e. during download then you should contact Customer Relations Team within 14 days of purchase on customercare@packt.com who will be able to resolve this issue for you.
  3. You will have a choice of replacement or refund of the problem items.(damaged, defective or incorrect)
  4. Once Customer Care Team confirms that you will be refunded, you should receive the refund within 10 to 12 working days.
  5. If you are only requesting a refund of one book from a multiple order, then we will refund you the appropriate single item.
  6. Where the items were shipped under a free shipping offer, there will be no shipping costs to refund.

On the off chance your printed book arrives damaged, with book material defect, contact our Customer Relation Team on customercare@packt.com within 14 days of receipt of the book with appropriate evidence of damage and we will work with you to secure a replacement copy, if necessary. Please note that each printed book you order from us is individually made by Packt's professional book-printing partner which is on a print-on-demand basis.

What tax is charged? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Currently, no tax is charged on the purchase of any print book (subject to change based on the laws and regulations). A localized VAT fee is charged only to our European and UK customers on eBooks, Video and subscriptions that they buy. GST is charged to Indian customers for eBooks and video purchases.

What payment methods can I use? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

You can pay with the following card types:

  1. Visa Debit
  2. Visa Credit
  3. MasterCard
  4. PayPal
What is the delivery time and cost of print books? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela