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Jakarta EE Application Development
Jakarta EE Application Development

Jakarta EE Application Development: Build enterprise applications with Jakarta CDI, RESTful web services, JSON Binding, persistence, and security , Second Edition

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Profile Icon David R. Heffelfinger
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Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5 (2 Ratings)
Paperback Feb 2024 316 pages 2nd Edition
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Arrow left icon
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Jakarta EE Application Development

Contexts and Dependency Injection

Contexts and Dependency Injection (CDI) is a powerful dependency injection framework that allows us to easily integrate different parts of our Jakarta EE applications. CDI beans can have different scopes, allowing their life cycle to be managed automatically by the Jakarta EE runtime. They can be easily injected as dependencies by using a simple annotation. CDI also includes an event mechanism to allow decoupled communication between different parts of our application.

In this chapter, we will cover the following topics:

  • Named beans
  • Dependency injection
  • Qualifiers
  • CDI bean scopes
  • CDI events
  • CDI Lite

Note

Code samples for this chapter can be found on GitHub at https://github.com/PacktPublishing/Jakarta-EE-Application-Development/tree/main/ch02_src.

Named beans

CDI provides us with the ability to name our beans via the @Named annotation. Named beans allow us to easily inject our beans into other classes that depend on them (see the next section) and to easily refer to them from Jakarta Faces via the unified expression language.

Note

Jakarta Faces is covered in detail in Chapters 6 and 7.

The following example shows the @Named annotation in action:

package com.ensode.jakartaeebook.cdidependencyinjection.beans;
import jakarta.enterprise.context.RequestScoped;
import jakarta.inject.Named;
@Named
@RequestScoped
public class Customer {
  private String firstName;
  private String lastName;
  public String getFirstName() {
    return firstName;
  }
  public void setFirstName(String firstName) {
    this.firstName = firstName;
  }
  public String getLastName() {
    return lastName;
  ...

Dependency injection

Dependency injection is a technique for supplying external dependencies to a Java class. CDI includes the @Inject annotation, which can be used to inject instances of CDI beans into any dependent objects.

Jakarta Faces applications typically follow the Model-View-Controller (MVC) design pattern. As such, frequently some Jakarta Faces managed beans take the role of controllers in the pattern, while others take the role of the model. This approach typically requires the controller-managed bean to have access to one or more of the model-managed beans. CDI’s dependency injection capabilities make injecting beans into one another very simple, as illustrated in the following example:

package com.ensode.jakartaeebook.cdinamedbeans.beans;
//imports omitted for brevity
@Named
@RequestScoped
public class CustomerController {
  private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(
      CustomerController.class.getName...

Qualifiers

In some instances, the type of bean we wish to inject into our code may be an interface or a Java superclass. However, we may be interested in injecting a specific subclass or a class implementing the interface. For cases like this, CDI provides qualifiers we can use to indicate the specific type we wish to inject into our code.

A CDI qualifier is an annotation that must be decorated with the @Qualifier annotation. This annotation can then be used to decorate the specific subclass or interface implementation we wish to qualify. Additionally, the injected field in the client code needs to be decorated with the qualifier as well.

Suppose our application could have a special kind of customer; for example, frequent customers could be given the status of premium customers. To handle these premium customers, we could extend our Customer named bean and decorate it with the following qualifier:

package package com.ensode.jakartaeebook.qualifiers;
import jakarta.inject.Qualifier...

CDI bean scopes

CDI stands for “Contexts and Dependency Injection,” CDI Beans have a scope which defines their lifecycle, their scope determines when the Jakarta EE runtime creates and destroys CDI beans. “Contexts” in “Contexts and Dependency Injection” refers to CDI scopes. When a CDI bean is needed, either because of injection or because it is referred to from a Jakarta Faces page, CDI looks for an instance of the bean in the scope it belongs to and injects it into the dependent code. If no instance is found, one is created and stored in the appropriate scope for future use. The different scopes are the context in which the bean exists.

The following table lists the different valid CDI scopes:

Scope

Annotation

Description

Request

@RequestScoped

Request-scoped...

CDI events

CDI provides event-handling facilities. Events allow loosely coupled communication between different CDI beans. A CDI bean can fire an event, then one or more event listeners handle the event.

Firing CDI events

The following example is a new version of the CustomerInfoController class we discussed in the previous section. The class has been modified to fire an event every time the user navigates to a new page:

package com.ensode.jakartaeebook.cdievents.controller;
import jakarta.enterprise.context.Conversation;
import jakarta.enterprise.context.RequestScoped;
import jakarta.inject.Inject;
import jakarta.inject.Named;
import java.io.Serializable;
import com.ensode.jakartaeebook.cdievents.event.NavigationInfo;
import com.ensode.jakartaeebook.cdievents.model.Customer;
import jakarta.enterprise.event.Event;
@Named
@RequestScoped
public class CustomerInfoController implements Serializable {
    @Inject
    private Conversation...

CDI Lite

The Jakarta EE Core Profile contains a subset of the full CDI specification, named, appropriately enough, CDI Lite. Most of the changes of CDI Lite are at the implementation level; namely, some functionality that the full CDI implementation performs at runtime is moved to build time, allowing applications utilizing CDI Lite to initialize faster.

CDI Lite is primarily meant to be used in microservices applications, implementing functionality as RESTful web services. Since REST applications are typically stateless, not all CDI scopes are applicable when working on this type of application. For this reason, the session and conversation scopes are not available when using CDI Lite. This is the primary limitation of CDI Lite when compared to the full CDI specification.

We only need to be concerned with CDI Lite limitations when deploying our code to a Jakarta EE Core Profile implementation. The Jakarta EE Web Profile and the full Jakarta EE platform contain full CDI functionality...

Summary

In this chapter, we provided an introduction to CDI, an integral part of the Jakarta EE specification. We looked into the following:

  • We covered how Jakarta Faces pages can access CDI-named beans via the unified expression language.
  • We also covered how CDI makes it easy to inject dependencies into our code via the @Inject annotation.
  • Additionally, we explained how we can use qualifiers to determine what specific implementation of a dependency to inject into our code.
  • We also discussed all the scopes that a CDI bean can be placed into, allowing us to delegate the life cycle of CDI beans to the Jakarta EE runtime.
  • We discussed how to implement loosely coupled communication between CDI beans via CDI’s event handling.
  • Lastly, we discussed CDI Lite, a lightweight version of CDI suitable for microservices development.

CDI is an integral part of Jakarta EE, as it is used to integrate different layers of our Jakarta EE applications.

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Key benefits

  • Craft microservices using standard Jakarta EE technologies such as Jakarta RESTful Web Services, JSON Processing, and JSON Binding
  • Design web-based applications with Jakarta Faces
  • Harness Jakarta EE technologies such as Jakarta Enterprise Beans and Jakarta Messaging to build enterprise applications
  • Purchase of the print or Kindle book includes a free PDF eBook

Description

Jakarta EE stands as a robust standard with multiple implementations, presenting developers with a versatile toolkit for building enterprise applications. However, despite the advantages of enterprise application development, vendor lock-in remains a concern for many developers, limiting flexibility and interoperability across diverse environments. This Jakarta EE application development guide addresses the challenge of vendor lock-in by offering comprehensive coverage of the major Jakarta EE APIs and goes beyond the basics to help you develop applications deployable on any Jakarta EE compliant runtime. This book introduces you to JSON Processing and JSON Binding and shows you how the Model API and the Streaming API are used to process JSON data. You’ll then explore additional Jakarta EE APIs, such as WebSocket and Messaging, for loosely coupled, asynchronous communication and discover ways to secure applications with the Jakarta EE Security API. Finally, you'll learn about Jakarta RESTful web service development and techniques to develop cloud-ready microservices in Jakarta EE. By the end of this book, you'll have developed the skills to craft secure, scalable, and cloud-native microservices that solve modern enterprise challenges.

Who is this book for?

This book is for Java developers looking to learn Jakarta EE and expand their skill set. You’ll also find this book useful if you are familiar with Java EE and want to stay abreast of the latest version of the Jakarta EE specification. Knowledge of core Java concepts such as OOP, data types, control flow, and basic collections will be beneficial.

What you will learn

  • Design microservices architectures with a clear separation of concerns
  • Understand the contexts and dependency injection (CDI) specification to develop Java EE applications
  • Use Jakarta Faces to create interactive web applications using component-based development
  • Understand the steps involved in handling JSON data with Jakarta JSON Processing and Binding
  • Design secure RESTful web services using server-sent events (SSE) for real-time data updates
  • Secure your applications with the Jakarta Security API
  • Build message-driven applications with Jakarta Messaging
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Table of Contents

17 Chapters
Chapter 1: Introduction to Jakarta EE Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 2: Contexts and Dependency Injection Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 3: Jakarta RESTful Web Services Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 4: JSON Processing and JSON Binding Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 5: Microservices Development with Jakarta EE Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 6: Jakarta Faces Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 7: Additional Jakarta Faces Features Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 8: Object Relational Mapping with Jakarta Persistence Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 9: WebSockets Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 10: Securing Jakarta EE Applications Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 11: Servlet Development and Deployment Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 12: Jakarta Enterprise Beans Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 13: Jakarta Messaging Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 14: Web Services with Jakarta XML Web Services Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 15: Putting it All Together Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Other Books You May Enjoy Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

Rating distribution
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
(2 Ratings)
5 star 100%
4 star 0%
3 star 0%
2 star 0%
1 star 0%
David K Jun 24, 2024
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
As an experienced developer who has navigated the evolving landscape of enterprise Java, I wholeheartedly recommend this book to budding and seasoned professionals. This book is an essential guide for anyone looking to master the Jakarta EE platform and develop robust, scalable enterprise applications.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Amol Gote Jul 08, 2024
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
My name is Amol Gote, and I have extensive experience building microservices in .NET and Java. "Jakarta Application Development - Second Edition" is a must-read for any Java developer eager to master Jakarta EE or update their Java EE skills. This book comprehensively covers the latest Jakarta EE specifications, such as Jakarta Faces, Jakarta Persistence, and Jakarta Enterprise JavaBeans. The chapters are well-organized, starting with an introduction to Jakarta EE and progressively tackling more complex topics like CDI, JSON Processing, and RESTful Web Services. Each section is packed with practical examples, ensuring readers can see how to apply the concepts in real-world scenarios.What sets this book apart is its clarity and depth. Each chapter delves deeply into its subject matter, providing a robust understanding of foundational and advanced topics. For instance, the chapters on microservices development and securing Jakarta EE applications are particularly insightful, offering valuable frameworks and best practices for modern application development. The authors have done an excellent job updating the content to reflect the latest advancements in Jakarta EE, making this book an indispensable resource for staying current in the field.This book caters to various Java developers, from newcomers to experienced professionals. Those new to Jakarta EE will find the clear explanations and structured learning path particularly helpful, while experienced Java EE developers will appreciate the detailed updates and advanced features. Whether you're developing cloud or traditional applications, this book equips you with the tools and knowledge needed to excel in Jakarta EE development. I highly recommend it for its thoroughness, practical insights, and up-to-date content.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
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