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Home > Web Development > Web Programming > Mastering JavaScript
Mastering JavaScript
Mastering JavaScript

Mastering JavaScript: Explore and master modern JavaScript techniques in order to build large-scale web applications

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Mastering JavaScript

Chapter 2. Functions, Closures, and Modules

In the previous chapter, we deliberately did not discuss certain aspects of JavaScript. These are some of the features of the language that give JavaScript its power and elegance. If you are an intermediate- or advanced-level JavaScript programmer, you may be actively using objects and functions. In many cases, however, developers stumble at these fundamental levels and develop a half-baked or sometimes wrong understanding of the core JavaScript constructs. There is generally a very poor understanding of the concept of closures in JavaScript, due to which many programmers cannot use the functional aspects of JavaScript very well. In JavaScript, there is a strong interconnection between objects, functions, and closures. Understanding the strong relationship between these three concepts can vastly improve our JavaScript programming ability, giving us a strong foundation for any type of application development.

Functions are fundamental...

A function literal

One of the most important concepts in JavaScript is that the functions are the primary unit of execution. Functions are the pieces where you will wrap all your code, hence they will give your programs a structure.

JavaScript functions are declared using a function literal.

Function literals are composed of the following four parts:

  • The function keyword.
  • An optional name that, if specified, must be a valid JavaScript identifier.
  • A list of parameter names enclosed in parentheses. If there are no parameters to the function, you need to provide empty parentheses.
  • The body of the function as a series of JavaScript statements enclosed in braces.

A function declaration

The following is a very trivial example to demonstrate all the components of a function declaration:

function add(a,b){
  return a+b;
}
c = add(1,2);
console.log(c);  //prints 3

The declaration begins with a function keyword followed by the function name. The function name is optional. If a function is not given a name...

Functions as data

In JavaScript, functions can be assigned to variables, and variables are data. You will shortly see that this is a powerful concept. Let's see the following example:

var say = console.log;
say("I can also say things");

In the preceding example, we assigned the familiar console.log() function to the say variable. Any function can be assigned to a variable as shown in the preceding example. Adding parentheses to the variable will invoke it. Moreover, you can pass functions in other functions as parameters. Study the following example carefully and type it in JS Bin:

var validateDataForAge = function(data) {
  person = data();
  console.log(person);
  if (person.age <1 || person.age > 99){
    return true;
  }else{
    return false;
  }
};

var errorHandlerForAge = function(error) {
  console.log("Error while processing age");
};

function parseRequest(data,validateData,errorHandler) {
  var error = validateData(data);
  if (!error) {
    console...

Scoping

For beginners, JavaScript scoping is slightly confusing. These concepts may seem straightforward; however, they are not. Some important subtleties exist that must be understood in order to master the concept. So what is Scope? In JavaScript, scope refers to the current context of code.

A variable's scope is the context in which the variable exists. The scope specifies from where you can access a variable and whether you have access to the variable in that context. Scopes can be globally or locally defined.

Global scope

Any variable that you declare is by default defined in global scope. This is one of the most annoying language design decisions taken in JavaScript. As a global variable is visible in all other scopes, a global variable can be modified by any scope. Global variables make it harder to run loosely coupled subprograms in the same program/module. If the subprograms happen to have global variables that share the same names, then they will interfere with each other and...

Function declarations versus function expressions

We saw two ways by which functions are defined. Though they both serve identical purposes, there is a difference between these two types of declarations. Check the following example:

//Function expression
functionOne();
//Error
//"TypeError: functionOne is not a function

var functionOne = function() {
  console.log("functionOne");
};
//Function declaration
functionTwo();
//No error
//Prints - functionTwo

function functionTwo() {
  console.log("functionTwo");
}

A function declaration is processed when execution enters the context in which it appears before any step-by-step code is executed. The function that it creates is given a proper name (functionTwo() in the preceding example) and this name is put in the scope in which the declaration appears. As it's processed before any step-by-step code in the same context, calling functionTwo() before defining it works without an error.

However, functionOne() is an anonymous...

The arguments parameter

The arguments parameter is a collection of all the arguments passed to the function. The collection has a property named length that contains the count of arguments, and the individual argument values can be obtained using an array indexing notation. Okay, we lied a bit. The arguments parameter is not a JavaScript array, and if you try to use array methods on arguments, you'll fail miserably. You can think of arguments as an array-like structure. This makes it possible to write functions that take an unspecified number of parameters. The following snippet shows you how you can pass a variable number of arguments to the function and iterate through them using an arguments array:

var sum = function () { 
  var i, total = 0;
  for (i = 0; i < arguments.length; i += 1) {
    total += arguments[i];
  }
  return total;
};
console.log(sum(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)); // prints 45
console.log(sum(1,2,3,4,5)); // prints 15

As we discussed, the arguments parameter is not really...

A function literal

One of the most important concepts in JavaScript is that the functions are the primary unit of execution. Functions are the pieces where you will wrap all your code, hence they will give your programs a structure.

JavaScript functions are declared using a function literal.

Function literals are composed of the following four parts:

  • The function keyword.

  • An optional name that, if specified, must be a valid JavaScript identifier.

  • A list of parameter names enclosed in parentheses. If there are no parameters to the function, you need to provide empty parentheses.

  • The body of the function as a series of JavaScript statements enclosed in braces.

A function declaration

The following is a very trivial example to demonstrate all the components of a function declaration:

function add(a,b){
  return a+b;
}
c = add(1,2);
console.log(c);  //prints 3

The declaration begins with a function keyword followed by the function name. The function name is optional. If a function is not given a name,...

Functions as data

In JavaScript, functions can be assigned to variables, and variables are data. You will shortly see that this is a powerful concept. Let's see the following example:

var say = console.log;
say("I can also say things");

In the preceding example, we assigned the familiar console.log() function to the say variable. Any function can be assigned to a variable as shown in the preceding example. Adding parentheses to the variable will invoke it. Moreover, you can pass functions in other functions as parameters. Study the following example carefully and type it in JS Bin:

var validateDataForAge = function(data) {
  person = data();
  console.log(person);
  if (person.age <1 || person.age > 99){
    return true;
  }else{
    return false;
  }
};

var errorHandlerForAge = function(error) {
  console.log("Error while processing age");
};

function parseRequest(data,validateData,errorHandler) {
  var error = validateData(data);
  if (!error) {
    console.log("no errors");
  } else...

Scoping

For beginners, JavaScript scoping is slightly confusing. These concepts may seem straightforward; however, they are not. Some important subtleties exist that must be understood in order to master the concept. So what is Scope? In JavaScript, scope refers to the current context of code.

A variable's scope is the context in which the variable exists. The scope specifies from where you can access a variable and whether you have access to the variable in that context. Scopes can be globally or locally defined.

Global scope

Any variable that you declare is by default defined in global scope. This is one of the most annoying language design decisions taken in JavaScript. As a global variable is visible in all other scopes, a global variable can be modified by any scope. Global variables make it harder to run loosely coupled subprograms in the same program/module. If the subprograms happen to have global variables that share the same names, then they will interfere with each other and likely...

Function declarations versus function expressions

We saw two ways by which functions are defined. Though they both serve identical purposes, there is a difference between these two types of declarations. Check the following example:

//Function expression
functionOne();
//Error
//"TypeError: functionOne is not a function

var functionOne = function() {
  console.log("functionOne");
};
//Function declaration
functionTwo();
//No error
//Prints - functionTwo

function functionTwo() {
  console.log("functionTwo");
}

A function declaration is processed when execution enters the context in which it appears before any step-by-step code is executed. The function that it creates is given a proper name (functionTwo() in the preceding example) and this name is put in the scope in which the declaration appears. As it's processed before any step-by-step code in the same context, calling functionTwo() before defining it works without an error.

However, functionOne() is an anonymous function expression, evaluated...

The arguments parameter

The arguments parameter is a collection of all the arguments passed to the function. The collection has a property named length that contains the count of arguments, and the individual argument values can be obtained using an array indexing notation. Okay, we lied a bit. The arguments parameter is not a JavaScript array, and if you try to use array methods on arguments, you'll fail miserably. You can think of arguments as an array-like structure. This makes it possible to write functions that take an unspecified number of parameters. The following snippet shows you how you can pass a variable number of arguments to the function and iterate through them using an arguments array:

var sum = function () { 
  var i, total = 0;
  for (i = 0; i < arguments.length; i += 1) {
    total += arguments[i];
  }
  return total;
};
console.log(sum(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)); // prints 45
console.log(sum(1,2,3,4,5)); // prints 15

As we discussed, the arguments parameter is not really an...

Anonymous functions

We introduced you to anonymous functions a bit earlier in this chapter, and as they're a crucial concept, we will take a detailed look at them. For a language inspired by Scheme, anonymous functions are an important logical and structural construct.

Anonymous functions are typically used in cases where the function doesn't need to have a name for later reference. Let's look at some of the most popular usages of anonymous functions.

Anonymous functions while creating an object

An anonymous function can be assigned to an object property. When we do that, we can call that function with a dot (.) operator. If you are coming from a Java or other OO language background, you will find this very familiar. In such languages, a function, which is part of a class is generally called with a notation—Class.function(). Let's consider the following example:

var santa = {
  say :function(){ 
    console.log("ho ho ho"); 
  }
}
santa.say();

In this example, we are creating an object with a...

Closures

Traditionally, closures have been a feature of purely functional programming languages. JavaScript shows its affinity with such functional programming languages by considering closures integral to the core language constructs. Closures are gaining popularity in mainstream JavaScript libraries and advanced production code because they let you simplify complex operations. You will hear experienced JavaScript programmers talking almost reverently about closures—as if they are some magical construct far beyond the reach of the intellect that common men possess. However, this is not so. When you study this concept, you will find closures to be very obvious, almost matter-of-fact. Till you reach closure enlightenment, I suggest you read and reread this chapter, research on the Internet, write code, and read JavaScript libraries to understand how closures behave—but do not give up.

The first realization that you must have is that closure is everywhere in JavaScript. It is not a hidden special...

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Key benefits

  • Write powerful code with the high-level functions that JavaScript offers
  • Test and debug issues with JavaScript code using various modern mechanisms
  • Offers an expert's eye on the latest ES6 features and how these advanced tasks fit together in JavaScript as a whole

Description

JavaScript is a high-level, dynamic, untyped, lightweight, and interpreted programming language. Along with HTML and CSS, it is one of the three essential technologies of World Wide Web content production, and is an open source and cross-platform technology. The majority of websites employ JavaScript, and it is well supported by all modern web browsers without plugins. However, the JavaScript landscape has changed dramatically in recent years, and you need to adapt to the new world of JavaScript that people now expect. Mastering modern JavaScript techniques and the toolchain are essential to develop web-scale applications. Mastering JavaScript will be your companion as you master JavaScript and build innovative web applications. To begin with, you will get familiarized with the language constructs and how to make code easy to organize. You will gain a concrete understanding of variable scoping, loops, and best practices on using types and data structures, as well as the coding style and recommended code organization patterns in JavaScript. The book will also teach you how to use arrays and objects as data structures. You will graduate from intermediate-level skills to advanced techniques as you come to understand crucial language concepts and design principles. You will learn about modern libraries and tools so you can write better code. By the end of the book, you will understand how reactive JavaScript is going to be the new paradigm.

Who is this book for?

This book is ideal for web developers who are looking to master modern JavaScript concepts and design principles. You should already have an intermediate level of JavaScript knowledge before starting this book.

What you will learn

  • Get a run through of the basic JavaScript language constructs
  • Get familiar with the Functions and Closures of JavaScript
  • Explore Regular Expressions in JavaScript
  • Code using the powerful object-oriented feature in JavaScript
  • Test and debug your code using JavaScript strategies
  • Master DOM manipulation, cross-browser strategies, and ES6
  • Understand the basic concurrency constructs in Javascript and best performance strategies
  • Learn to build scalable server application in JavaScript using Node.js

Product Details

Country selected
Publication date, Length, Edition, Language, ISBN-13
Publication date : Jan 30, 2016
Length: 250 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781785281341
Category :
Web Development
Languages :
JavaScript
Concepts :
Web Programming

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Product Details

Publication date : Jan 30, 2016
Length: 250 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781785281341
Category :
Web Development
Languages :
JavaScript
Concepts :
Web Programming

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Table of Contents

10 Chapters
1. JavaScript Primer Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
1. JavaScript Primer
A little bit of history
How to use this book
Hello World
Summary
2. Functions, Closures, and Modules Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Functions, Closures, and Modules
A function literal
Functions as data
Scoping
Function declarations versus function expressions
The arguments parameter
Anonymous functions
Closures
Timers and callbacks
Private variables
Loops and closures
Modules
Summary
3. Data Structures and Manipulation Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Data Structures and Manipulation
Regular expressions
Exact match
Match from a class of characters
Repeated occurrences
Beginning and end
Backreferences
Greedy and lazy quantifiers
Arrays
Maps
Sets
A matter of style
Summary
4. Object-Oriented JavaScript Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Object-Oriented JavaScript
Understanding objects
Instance properties versus prototype properties
Inheritance
Getters and setters
Summary
5. JavaScript Patterns Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. JavaScript Patterns
Design patterns
The namespace pattern
The module pattern
The factory pattern
The mixin pattern
The decorator pattern
The observer pattern
JavaScript Model-View-* patterns
The Model-View-Presenter pattern
Model-View-ViewModel
Summary
6. Testing and Debugging Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Testing and Debugging
Unit testing
JavaScript debugging
Summary
7. ECMAScript 6 Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. ECMAScript 6
Shims or polyfills
Transpilers
ES6 syntax changes
Summary
8. DOM Manipulation and Events Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. DOM Manipulation and Events
DOM
Chaining
Traversal and manipulation
Working with browser events
Propagation
jQuery event handling and propagation
Event delegation
The event object
Summary
9. Server-Side JavaScript Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
9. Server-Side JavaScript
An asynchronous evented-model in a browser
Callbacks
Timers
EventEmitters
Modules
npm
JavaScript performance
Summary
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index

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About the author

Profile icon Ved Antani
Ved Antani
Ved Antani has been building scalable server and mobile platforms using JavaScript, Go, and Java since 2005. He is an associate vice president at Myntra and has previously worked at Electronic Arts and Oracle. He is an avid reader and author on several subjects. He has studied computer science and currently lives in Bangalore, India. Ved is passionate about classical music and loves to spend time with his son.
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Credits can be earned from reading 40 section of any title within the payment cycle - a month starting from the day of subscription payment. You also earn a Credit every month if you subscribe to our annual or 18 month plans. Credits can be used to buy books DRM free, the same way that you would pay for a book. Your credits can be found in the subscription homepage - subscription.packtpub.com - clicking on ‘the my’ library dropdown and selecting ‘credits’.

What happens if an Early Access Course is cancelled? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Projects are rarely cancelled, but sometimes it's unavoidable. If an Early Access course is cancelled or excessively delayed, you can exchange your purchase for another course. For further details, please contact us here.

Where can I send feedback about an Early Access title? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

If you have any feedback about the product you're reading, or Early Access in general, then please fill out a contact form here and we'll make sure the feedback gets to the right team. 

Can I download the code files for Early Access titles? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

We try to ensure that all books in Early Access have code available to use, download, and fork on GitHub. This helps us be more agile in the development of the book, and helps keep the often changing code base of new versions and new technologies as up to date as possible. Unfortunately, however, there will be rare cases when it is not possible for us to have downloadable code samples available until publication.

When we publish the book, the code files will also be available to download from the Packt website.

How accurate is the publication date? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The publication date is as accurate as we can be at any point in the project. Unfortunately, delays can happen. Often those delays are out of our control, such as changes to the technology code base or delays in the tech release. We do our best to give you an accurate estimate of the publication date at any given time, and as more chapters are delivered, the more accurate the delivery date will become.

How will I know when new chapters are ready? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

We'll let you know every time there has been an update to a course that you've bought in Early Access. You'll get an email to let you know there has been a new chapter, or a change to a previous chapter. The new chapters are automatically added to your account, so you can also check back there any time you're ready and download or read them online.

I am a Packt subscriber, do I get Early Access? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Yes, all Early Access content is fully available through your subscription. You will need to have a paid for or active trial subscription in order to access all titles.

How is Early Access delivered? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Early Access is currently only available as a PDF or through our online reader. As we make changes or add new chapters, the files in your Packt account will be updated so you can download them again or view them online immediately.

How do I buy Early Access content? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Early Access is a way of us getting our content to you quicker, but the method of buying the Early Access course is still the same. Just find the course you want to buy, go through the check-out steps, and you’ll get a confirmation email from us with information and a link to the relevant Early Access courses.

What is Early Access? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Keeping up to date with the latest technology is difficult; new versions, new frameworks, new techniques. This feature gives you a head-start to our content, as it's being created. With Early Access you'll receive each chapter as it's written, and get regular updates throughout the product's development, as well as the final course as soon as it's ready.We created Early Access as a means of giving you the information you need, as soon as it's available. As we go through the process of developing a course, 99% of it can be ready but we can't publish until that last 1% falls in to place. Early Access helps to unlock the potential of our content early, to help you start your learning when you need it most. You not only get access to every chapter as it's delivered, edited, and updated, but you'll also get the finalized, DRM-free product to download in any format you want when it's published. As a member of Packt, you'll also be eligible for our exclusive offers, including a free course every day, and discounts on new and popular titles.