Designing the system architecture of the LLM Twin

In this section, we will list the concrete technical details of the LLM Twin application and understand how we can solve them by designing our LLM system using the FTI architecture. However, before diving into the pipelines, we want to highlight that we won’t focus on the tooling or the tech stack at this step. We only want to define a high-level architecture of the system, which is language-, framework-, platform-, and infrastructure-agnostic at this point. We will focus on each component’s scope, interface, and interconnectivity. In future chapters, we will cover the implementation details and tech stack.

Listing the technical details of the LLM Twin architecture

Until now, we defined what the LLM Twin should support from the user’s point of view. Now, let’s clarify the requirements of the ML system from a purely technical perspective:

• On the data side, we have to do the following:
  • Collect data from LinkedIn, Medium, Substack, and GitHub completely autonomously and on a schedule
  • Standardize the crawled data and store it in a data warehouse
  • Clean the raw data
  • Create instruct datasets for fine-tuning an LLM
  • Chunk and embed the cleaned data. Store the vectorized data into a vector DB for RAG.
• For training, we have to do the following:
  • Fine-tune LLMs of various sizes (7B, 14B, 30B, or 70B parameters)
  • Fine-tune on instruction datasets of multiple sizes
  • Switch between LLM types (for example, between Mistral, Llama, and GPT)
  • Track and compare experiments
  • Test potential production LLM candidates before deploying them
  • Automatically start the training when new instruction datasets are available.
• The inference code will have the following properties:
  • A REST API interface for clients to interact with the LLM Twin
  • Access to the vector DB in real time for RAG
  • Inference with LLMs of various sizes
  • Autoscaling based on user requests
  • Automatically deploy the LLMs that pass the evaluation step.
• The system will support the following LLMOps features:
  • Instruction dataset versioning, lineage, and reusability
  • Model versioning, lineage, and reusability
  • Experiment tracking
  • Continuous training, continuous integration, and continuous delivery (CT/CI/CD)
  • Prompt and system monitoring

If any technical requirement doesn’t make sense now, bear with us. To avoid repetition, we will examine the details in their specific chapter.

The preceding list is quite comprehensive. We could have detailed it even more, but at this point, we want to focus on the core functionality. When implementing each component, we will look into all the little details. But for now, the fundamental question we must ask ourselves is this: How can we apply the FTI pipeline design to implement the preceding list of requirements?

How to design the LLM Twin architecture using the FTI pipeline design

We will split the system into four core components. You will ask yourself this: “Four? Why not three, as the FTI pipeline design clearly states?” That is a great question. Fortunately, the answer is simple. We must also implement the data pipeline along the three feature/training/inference pipelines. According to best practices:

• The data engineering team owns the data pipeline
• The ML engineering team owns the FTI pipelines.

Given our goal of building an MVP with a small team, we must implement the entire application. This includes defining the data collection and FTI pipelines. Tackling a problem end to end is often encountered in start-ups that can’t afford dedicated teams. Thus, engineers have to wear many hats, depending on the state of the product. Nevertheless, in any scenario, knowing how an end-to-end ML system works is valuable for better understanding other people’s work.

Figure 1.6 shows the LLM system architecture. The best way to understand it is to review the four components individually and explain how they work.

Figure 1.6: LLM Twin high-level architecture

Data collection pipeline

The data collection pipeline involves crawling your personal data from Medium, Substack, LinkedIn, and GitHub. As a data pipeline, we will use the extract, load, transform (ETL) pattern to extract data from social media platforms, standardize it, and load it into a data warehouse.

It is critical to highlight that the data collection pipeline is designed to crawl data only from your social media platform. It will not have access to other people. As an example for this book, we agreed to make our collected data available for learning purposes. Otherwise, using other people’s data without their consent is not moral.

The output of this component will be a NoSQL DB, which will act as our data warehouse. As we work with text data, which is naturally unstructured, a NoSQL DB fits like a glove.

Even though a NoSQL DB, such as MongoDB, is not labeled as a data warehouse, from our point of view, it will act as one. Why? Because it stores standardized raw data gathered by various ETL pipelines that are ready to be ingested into an ML system.

The collected digital data is binned into three categories:

• Articles (Medium, Substack)
• Posts (LinkedIn)
• Code (GitHub)

We want to abstract away the platform where the data was crawled. For example, when feeding an article to the LLM, knowing it came from Medium or Substack is not essential. We can keep the source URL as metadata to give references. However, from the processing, fine-tuning, and RAG points of view, it is vital to know what type of data we ingested, as each category must be processed differently. For example, the chunking strategy between a post, article, and piece of code will look different.

Also, by grouping the data by category, not the source, we can quickly plug data from other platforms, such as X into the posts or GitLab into the code collection. As a modular system, we must attach an additional ETL in the data collection pipeline, and everything else will work without further code modifications.

Feature pipeline

The feature pipeline’s role is to take raw articles, posts, and code data points from the data warehouse, process them, and load them into the feature store.

The characteristics of the FTI pattern are already present.

Here are some custom properties of the LLM Twin’s feature pipeline:

• It processes three types of data differently: articles, posts, and code
• It contains three main processing steps necessary for fine-tuning and RAG: cleaning, chunking, and embedding
• It creates two snapshots of the digital data, one after cleaning (used for fine-tuning) and one after embedding (used for RAG)
• It uses a logical feature store instead of a specialized feature store

Let’s zoom in on the logical feature store part a bit. As with any RAG-based system, one of the central pieces of the infrastructure is a vector DB. Instead of integrating another DB, more concretely, a specialized feature store, we used the vector DB, plus some additional logic to check all the properties of a feature store our system needs.

The vector DB doesn’t offer the concept of a training dataset, but it can be used as a NoSQL DB. This means we can access data points using their ID and collection name. Thus, we can easily query the vector DB for new data points without any vector search logic. Ultimately, we will wrap the retrieved data into a versioned, tracked, and shareable artifact—more on artifacts in Chapter 2. For now, you must know it is an MLOps concept used to wrap data and enrich it with the properties listed before.

How will the rest of the system access the logical feature store? The training pipeline will use the instruct datasets as artifacts, and the inference pipeline will query the vector DB for additional context using vector search techniques.

For our use case, this is more than enough because of the following reasons:

• The artifacts work great for offline use cases such as training
• The vector DB is built for online access, which we require for inference.

In future chapters, however, we will explain how the three data categories (articles, posts, and code) are cleaned, chunked, and embedded.

To conclude, we take in raw article, post, or code data points, process them, and store them in a feature store to make them accessible to the training and inference pipelines. Note that trimming all the complexity away and focusing only on the interface is a perfect match with the FTI pattern. Beautiful, right?

Training pipeline

The training pipeline consumes instruct datasets from the feature store, fine-tunes an LLM with it, and stores the tuned LLM weights in a model registry. More concretely, when a new instruct dataset is available in the logical feature store, we will trigger the training pipeline, consume the artifact, and fine-tune the LLM.

In the initial stages, the data science team owns this step. They run multiple experiments to find the best model and hyperparameters for the job, either through automatic hyperparameter tuning or manually. To compare and pick the best set of hyperparameters, we will use an experiment tracker to log everything of value and compare it between experiments. Ultimately, they will pick the best hyperparameters and fine-tuned LLM and propose it as the LLM production candidate. The proposed LLM is then stored in the model registry. After the experimentation phase is over, we store and reuse the best hyperparameters found to eliminate the manual restrictions of the process. Now, we can completely automate the training process, known as continuous training.

The testing pipeline is triggered for a more detailed analysis than during fine-tuning. Before pushing the new model to production, assessing it against a stricter set of tests is critical to see that the latest candidate is better than what is currently in production. If this step passes, the model is ultimately tagged as accepted and deployed to the production inference pipeline. Even in a fully automated ML system, it is recommended to have a manual step before accepting a new production model. It is like pushing the red button before a significant action with high consequences. Thus, at this stage, an expert looks at a report generated by the testing component. If everything looks good, it approves the model, and the automation can continue.

The particularities of this component will be on LLM aspects, such as the following:

• How do you implement an LLM agnostic pipeline?
• What fine-tuning techniques should you use?
• How do you scale the fine-tuning algorithm on LLMs and datasets of various sizes?
• How do you pick an LLM production candidate from multiple experiments?
• How do you test the LLM to decide whether to push it to production or not?

By the end of this book, you will know how to answer all these questions.

One last aspect we want to clarify is CT. Our modular design allows us to quickly leverage an ML orchestrator to schedule and trigger different system parts. For example, we can schedule the data collection pipeline to crawl data every week.

Then, we can trigger the feature pipeline when new data is available in the data warehouse and the training pipeline when new instruction datasets are available.

Inference pipeline

The inference pipeline is the last piece of the puzzle. It is connected to the model registry and logical feature store. It loads a fine-tuned LLM from the model registry, and from the logical feature store, it accesses the vector DB for RAG. It takes in client requests through a REST API as queries. It uses the fine-tuned LLM and access to the vector DB to carry out RAG and answer the queries.

All the client queries, enriched prompts using RAG, and generated answers are sent to a prompt monitoring system to analyze, debug, and better understand the system. Based on specific requirements, the monitoring system can trigger alarms to take action either manually or automatically.

At the interface level, this component follows exactly the FTI architecture, but when zooming in, we can observe unique characteristics of an LLM and RAG system, such as the following:

• A retrieval client used to do vector searches for RAG
• Prompt templates used to map user queries and external information to LLM inputs
• Special tools for prompt monitoring

Final thoughts on the FTI design and the LLM Twin architecture

We don’t have to be highly rigid about the FTI pattern. It is a tool used to clarify how to design ML systems. For example, instead of using a dedicated features store just because that is how it is done, in our system, it is easier and cheaper to use a logical feature store based on a vector DB and artifacts. What was important to focus on were the required properties a feature store provides, such as a versioned and reusable training dataset.

Ultimately, we will explain the computing requirements of each component briefly. The data collection and feature pipeline are mostly CPU-based and do not require powerful machines. The training pipeline requires powerful GPU-based machines that could load an LLM and fine-tune it. The inference pipeline is somewhere in the middle. It still needs a powerful machine but is less compute-intensive than the training step. However, it must be tested carefully, as the inference pipeline directly interfaces with the user. Thus, we want the latency to be within the required parameters for a good user experience. However, using the FTI design is not an issue. We can pick the proper computing requirements for each component.

Also, each pipeline will be scaled differently. The data and feature pipelines will be scaled horizontally based on the CPU and RAM load. The training pipeline will be scaled vertically by adding more GPUs. The inference pipeline will be scaled horizontally based on the number of client requests.

To conclude, the presented LLM architecture checks all the technical requirements listed at the beginning of the section. It processes the data as requested, and the training is modular and can be quickly adapted to different LLMs, datasets, or fine-tuning techniques. The inference pipeline supports RAG and is exposed as a REST API. On the LLMOps side, the system supports dataset and model versioning, lineage, and reusability. The system has a monitoring service, and the whole ML architecture is designed with CT/CI/CD in mind.

This concludes the high-level overview of the LLM Twin architecture.