Symmetric encryption with AES
The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is one of the most widely used symmetric ciphers, and it's been like that since its standardization in the early 2000s. It's safe (approved by the US government for encrypting "top secret" documents) and fast, with support available in all operating systems and programming languages.
Additionally, hardware acceleration for AES is available in all modern desktop and server CPUs (for example, the AES-NI instructions in Intel and AMD processors), as well as in a large number of mobile/embedded chips, making executing AES rather cheap in terms of computing power. A regular consumer-grade CPU can easily encrypt or decrypt AES streams at the speed of multiple gigabits per second. Many consumer operating systems are now encrypting hard drives by default, transparently to the user, using AES – that's the case of BitLocker on Windows and FileVault on macOS, for example.
To use AES, you...