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Home > Web Development > Server Side Web Development > Mastering Flask
Mastering Flask
Mastering Flask

Mastering Flask: Gain expertise in Flask to create dynamic and powerful web applications

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Profile Icon Jack Stouffer
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Mastering Flask

Chapter 2. Creating Models with SQLAlchemy

As previously stated, models are a means of abstracting and giving a common interface to data. In most web applications, data is stored and retrieved from a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS), which is a database that holds data in a tabular format with rows and columns and is able to compare data across tables. Some examples include MySQL, Postgres, Oracle, and MSSQL.

In order to create models on top of our database, we will use a Python package named SQLAlchemy. SQLAlchemy is a database API at its lowest level and performs Object Relational Mapping (ORM) at its highest level. An ORM is a technique to pass and convert data between two sources with different types of systems and data structures. In this case, it converts data between the large amount of types in databases versus the mix of types and objects in Python. Also, a programming language such as Python allows you to have different objects that hold references to each...

Setting up SQLAlchemy

In order to follow along in this chapter, you will need a running database if you do not already have one. If you have never installed a database or you do not have a preference, SQLite is the best option for beginners.

SQLite is a SQL that is fast, works without a server, and is entirely contained in one file. Also, SQLite is natively supported in python. If you choose to go with SQLite, a SQLite database will be created for you in the Our first model section.

Python packages

To install Flask SQLAlchemy with pip, run the following:

$ pip install flask-sqlalchemy

We will also need to install specific packages for the database you chose to use that will act as the connector for SQLAlchemy. SQLite users can skip this step:

# MySQL
$ pip install PyMySQL
# Postgres
$ pip install psycopg2
# MSSQL
$ pip install pyodbc
# Oracle
$ pip install cx_Oracle

Flask SQLAlchemy

Before we can abstract our data, we need to set up Flask SQLAlchemy. SQLAlchemy creates its database connection...

Our first model

You may have noted that we did not actually create any tables in our database to abstract off of. This is because SQLAlchemy allows us to create either models from tables or tables from our models. This will be covered after we create the first model.

In our main.py file, SQLAlchemy must first be initialized with our app as follows:

from flask.ext.sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy

app = Flask(__name__)
app.config.from_object(DevConfig)
db = SQLAlchemy(app)

SQLAlchemy will read our app's configuration and automatically connect to our database. Let's create a User model to interact with a user table in the main.py file:

class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer(), primary_key=True)
    username = db.Column(db.String(255))
    password = db.Column(db.String(255))

    def __init__(self, username):
        self.username = username

    def __repr__(self):
        return "<User '{}'>".format(self.username)

What have we accomplished? We now...

CRUD

In every storage mechanism for data, there are four basic types of functions: Create, Read, Update, and Delete (CRUD). These allow all the basic ways of manipulating and viewing data needed for our web apps. To use these functions, we will use an object on the database named the session. Sessions will be explained later in the chapter, but for now, think of them as a storage location for all of our changes to the database.

Creating models

To create a new row in your database using our models, add the model to the session and commit objects. Adding an object to the session marks its changes for saving, and committing is when the session is saved to the database as follows:

>>> user = User(username='fake_name')
>>> db.session.add(user)
>>> db.session.commit()

It is simple to add a new row to our table.

Reading models

After we have added data to our database, data can be queried using Model.query. For those who use SQLAlchemy, this is shorthand for db.session...

Relationships between models

Relationships between models in SQLAlchemy are links between two or more models that allow models to reference each other automatically. This allows naturally related data, such as comments to posts, to be easily retrieved from the database with its related data. This is where the R in RDBMS comes from, and it gives this type of database a large amount of power.

Let's create our first relation. Our blogging website is going to need some blog posts. Each blog post is going to be written by one user, so it makes sense to link posts back to the user that wrote them to easily get all posts by a user. This is an example of a one-to-many relationship.

One-to-many

Let's add a model to represent blog posts on our website:

class Post(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer(), primary_key=True)
    title = db.Column(db.String(255))
    text = db.Column(db.Text())
    publish_date = db.Column(db.DateTime())
    user_id = db.Column(db.Integer(), db.ForeignKey(&apos...

The convenience of SQLAlchemy sessions

Now that you understand the power of SQLAlchemy, you can also understand what the SQLAlchemy session object is and why web apps should never be made without them. As stated before, the session can be simply described as an object that tracks the changes in our models and commits them to the database when we tell it to. However, there is a bit more to it than this.

First, the session is the handler for transactions. Transactions are sets of changes that are flushed to the database on commit. Transactions provide a lot of hidden functionality. For example, transactions automatically determine which objects will be saved first when objects have relations. You might have noted this when we were saving tags in the previous section. When we added tags to the posts, the session automatically knew to save the tags first despite the fact that we did not add it to be committed. If we are working with raw SQL queries and a database connection, we would have to...

Setting up SQLAlchemy

In order to follow along in this chapter, you will need a running database if you do not already have one. If you have never installed a database or you do not have a preference, SQLite is the best option for beginners.

SQLite is a SQL that is fast, works without a server, and is entirely contained in one file. Also, SQLite is natively supported in python. If you choose to go with SQLite, a SQLite database will be created for you in the Our first model section.

Python packages

To install Flask SQLAlchemy with pip, run the following:

$ pip install flask-sqlalchemy

We will also need to install specific packages for the database you chose to use that will act as the connector for SQLAlchemy. SQLite users can skip this step:

# MySQL
$ pip install PyMySQL
# Postgres
$ pip install psycopg2
# MSSQL
$ pip install pyodbc
# Oracle
$ pip install cx_Oracle

Flask SQLAlchemy

Before we can abstract our data, we need to set up Flask SQLAlchemy. SQLAlchemy creates its database connection...

Our first model

You may have noted that we did not actually create any tables in our database to abstract off of. This is because SQLAlchemy allows us to create either models from tables or tables from our models. This will be covered after we create the first model.

In our main.py file, SQLAlchemy must first be initialized with our app as follows:

from flask.ext.sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy

app = Flask(__name__)
app.config.from_object(DevConfig)
db = SQLAlchemy(app)

SQLAlchemy will read our app's configuration and automatically connect to our database. Let's create a User model to interact with a user table in the main.py file:

class User(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer(), primary_key=True)
    username = db.Column(db.String(255))
    password = db.Column(db.String(255))

    def __init__(self, username):
        self.username = username

    def __repr__(self):
        return "<User '{}'>".format(self.username)

What have we accomplished? We now have a model that is based on...

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Key benefits

  • • Work with scalable Flask application structures to create complex web apps
  • • Discover the most powerful Flask extensions and learn how to create one
  • • Deploy your application to real-world platforms using this step-by-step guide
  • s

Description

Starting from a simple Flask app, this book will walk through advanced topics while providing practical examples of the lessons learned. After building a simple Flask app, a proper app structure is demonstrated by transforming the app to use a Model-View-Controller (MVC) architecture. With a scalable structure in hand, the next chapters use Flask extensions to provide extra functionality to the app, including user login and registration, NoSQL querying, a REST API, an admin interface, and more. Next, you’ll discover how to use unit testing to take the guesswork away from making sure the code is performing as it should. The book closes with a discussion of the different platforms that are available to deploy a Flask app on, the pros and cons of each one, and how to deploy on each one.

Who is this book for?

If you are a Flask user who knows the basics of the library and how to create basic web pages with HTML and CSS, and you want to take your applications to the next level, this is the book for you. Harnessing the full power of Flask will allow you to create complex web applications with ease.

What you will learn

  • • Set up a best practices Python environment
  • • Use SQLAlchemy to programmatically query a database
  • • Develop templates in Jinja
  • • Set up an MVC environment for Flask
  • • Discover NoSQL, when to use it, when not to, and how to use it
  • • Develop a custom Flask extension
  • • Use Celery to create asynchronous tasks
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Publication date : Sep 30, 2015
Length: 288 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781784393656
Category :
Web Development
Languages :
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Concepts :
Server Side Web Development
Tools :
Flask

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Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781784393656
Category :
Web Development
Languages :
Python
Concepts :
Server Side Web Development
Tools :
Flask

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Table of Contents

14 Chapters
1. Getting Started Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
1. Getting Started
Version control with Git
Python package management with pip
Dependency sandboxing with virtualenv
The beginning of our project
Summary
2. Creating Models with SQLAlchemy Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Creating Models with SQLAlchemy
Setting up SQLAlchemy
Our first model
CRUD
Relationships between models
The convenience of SQLAlchemy sessions
Database migrations with Alembic
Summary
3. Creating Views with Templates Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Creating Views with Templates
Jinja's syntax
Creating our views
Flask WTForms
Summary
4. Creating Controllers with Blueprints Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Creating Controllers with Blueprints
Request setup, teardown, and application globals
Error pages
Class-based views
Blueprints
Summary
5. Advanced Application Structure Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Advanced Application Structure
The project as a module
Application factories
Summary
6. Securing Your App Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Securing Your App
Setting up
Using the session
Flask Login
Summary
7. Using NoSQL with Flask Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. Using NoSQL with Flask
Types of NoSQL databases
RDBMS versus NoSQL
MongoDB in Flask
Leveraging the power of NoSQL
Summary
8. Building RESTful APIs Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. Building RESTful APIs
What is REST
Setting up a RESTful Flask API
GET requests
POST requests
PUT requests
DELETE requests
Summary
9. Creating Asynchronous Tasks with Celery Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
9. Creating Asynchronous Tasks with Celery
What is Celery?
Setting up Celery and RabbitMQ
Creating tasks in Celery
Running Celery tasks
Monitoring Celery
Creating a reminder app
Creating a weekly digest
Summary
10. Useful Flask Extensions Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
10. Useful Flask Extensions
Flask Script
Flask Debug Toolbar
Flask Cache
Flask Assets
Flask Admin
Flask Mail
Summary
11. Building Your Own Extension Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
11. Building Your Own Extension
Creating a YouTube Flask extension
Modifying the response with Flask extensions
Summary
12. Testing Flask Apps Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
12. Testing Flask Apps
What are unit tests?
How does testing work?
Unit testing the application
User interface testing
Test coverage
Test-driven development
Summary
13. Deploying Flask Apps Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
13. Deploying Flask Apps
Deploying on your own server
Deploying on Heroku
Deploying on Amazon web services
Summary
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index

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Gerald Brown Oct 16, 2015
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
This is a book for Python programmers that want to include Flask in their applications. It covers everything from start to finish. The start it shows how to obtain and install Flask and at the end it tells how to deploy the application on your own server, on Heroku and on Amazon web services. In between it tells about databases, explaining the difference between RDBMS and NoSQL databases and which should be used depending on the application. It talks about SQLAlchemy, which is used for connecting to the database. It also presents information on using Jinja to create the user views. It lists a few of the more popular Flask extensions and how to create your own.All in all I would recommend this book.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Daniel Flehner Heen Dec 16, 2015
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Really nice balance between to the point information and touching subjects that widen the horizon.Easy to follow and fun to read.You should be able to create great apps/sites with the help of this book
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Shashank Naik Dec 26, 2023
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Nigmatov Sardor Oct 14, 2023
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very good lesson
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Jim Olivi Nov 20, 2022
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About the author

Profile icon Jack Stouffer
Jack Stouffer
Jack Stouffer is a programmer who has several years of experience in designing web applications. He switched to Flask three years ago for all his projects. He currently works for Apollo America in Auburn Hills, Michigan, and writes internal business tools and software using Python, Flask, and JavaScript. Jack is a believer and supporter of open source technology. When he released his Flask examples with the recommended best practices on GitHub (https://github.com/JackStouffer), it became one of the most popular Flask repositories on the site. Jack has also worked as a reviewer for Flask Framework Cookbook, Packt Publishing.
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What is custom duty/charge? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customs duty are charges levied on goods when they cross international borders. It is a tax that is imposed on imported goods. These duties are charged by special authorities and bodies created by local governments and are meant to protect local industries, economies, and businesses.

Do I have to pay customs charges for the print book order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The orders shipped to the countries that are listed under EU27 will not bear custom charges. They are paid by Packt as part of the order.

List of EU27 countries: www.gov.uk/eu-eea:

A custom duty or localized taxes may be applicable on the shipment and would be charged by the recipient country outside of the EU27 which should be paid by the customer and these duties are not included in the shipping charges been charged on the order.

How do I know my custom duty charges? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The amount of duty payable varies greatly depending on the imported goods, the country of origin and several other factors like the total invoice amount or dimensions like weight, and other such criteria applicable in your country.

For example:

  • If you live in Mexico, and the declared value of your ordered items is over $ 50, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 19% which will be $ 9.50 to the courier service.
  • Whereas if you live in Turkey, and the declared value of your ordered items is over € 22, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 18% which will be € 3.96 to the courier service.
How can I cancel my order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Cancellation Policy for Published Printed Books:

You can cancel any order within 1 hour of placing the order. Simply contact customercare@packt.com with your order details or payment transaction id. If your order has already started the shipment process, we will do our best to stop it. However, if it is already on the way to you then when you receive it, you can contact us at customercare@packt.com using the returns and refund process.

Please understand that Packt Publishing cannot provide refunds or cancel any order except for the cases described in our Return Policy (i.e. Packt Publishing agrees to replace your printed book because it arrives damaged or material defect in book), Packt Publishing will not accept returns.

What is your returns and refunds policy? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Return Policy:

We want you to be happy with your purchase from Packtpub.com. We will not hassle you with returning print books to us. If the print book you receive from us is incorrect, damaged, doesn't work or is unacceptably late, please contact Customer Relations Team on customercare@packt.com with the order number and issue details as explained below:

  1. If you ordered (eBook, Video or Print Book) incorrectly or accidentally, please contact Customer Relations Team on customercare@packt.com within one hour of placing the order and we will replace/refund you the item cost.
  2. Sadly, if your eBook or Video file is faulty or a fault occurs during the eBook or Video being made available to you, i.e. during download then you should contact Customer Relations Team within 14 days of purchase on customercare@packt.com who will be able to resolve this issue for you.
  3. You will have a choice of replacement or refund of the problem items.(damaged, defective or incorrect)
  4. Once Customer Care Team confirms that you will be refunded, you should receive the refund within 10 to 12 working days.
  5. If you are only requesting a refund of one book from a multiple order, then we will refund you the appropriate single item.
  6. Where the items were shipped under a free shipping offer, there will be no shipping costs to refund.

On the off chance your printed book arrives damaged, with book material defect, contact our Customer Relation Team on customercare@packt.com within 14 days of receipt of the book with appropriate evidence of damage and we will work with you to secure a replacement copy, if necessary. Please note that each printed book you order from us is individually made by Packt's professional book-printing partner which is on a print-on-demand basis.

What tax is charged? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Currently, no tax is charged on the purchase of any print book (subject to change based on the laws and regulations). A localized VAT fee is charged only to our European and UK customers on eBooks, Video and subscriptions that they buy. GST is charged to Indian customers for eBooks and video purchases.

What payment methods can I use? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

You can pay with the following card types:

  1. Visa Debit
  2. Visa Credit
  3. MasterCard
  4. PayPal
What is the delivery time and cost of print books? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela