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Effective Python Penetration Testing

Chapter 1. Python Scripting Essentials

Python is still the leading language in the world of penetration testing (pentesting) and information security. Python-based tools include all kinds of tools (used for inputting massive amounts of random data to find errors and security loop holes), proxies, and even the exploit frameworks. If you are interested in tinkering with pentesting tasks, Python is the best language to learn because of its large number of reverse engineering and exploitation libraries.

Over the years, Python has received numerous updates and upgrades. For example, Python 2 was released in 2000 and Python 3 in 2008. Unfortunately, Python 3 is not backward compatible, hence most of the programs written in Python 2 will not work in Python 3. Even though Python 3 was released in 2008, most of the libraries and programs still use Python 2. To do better penetration testing, the tester should be able to read, write, and rewrite Python scripts.

Python being a scripting language, security experts have preferred Python as a language to develop security toolkits. Its human-readable code, modular design, and large number of libraries provide a start for security experts and researchers to create sophisticated tools with it. Python comes with a vast library (standard library) which accommodates almost everything, from simple I/O to platform-specific API calls. Many of the default and user-contributed libraries and modules can help us in penetration testing with building tools to achieve interesting tasks.

In this chapter, we will cover the following:

Setting up the scripting environment in different operating systems
Installing third party Python libraries
Working with virtual environments
Python language basics

Setting up the scripting environment

Your scripting environment is basically the computer you use for your daily work, combined with all the tools in it that you use to write and run Python programs. The best system to learn on is the one you are using right now. This section will help you to configure the Python scripting environment on your computer, so that you can create and run your own programs.

If you are using Mac OS X or Linux installation on your computer, you may have a Python interpreter pre-installed in it. To find out if you have one, open the terminal and type python. You will probably see something like the following:

$ python
Python 2.7.6 (default, Mar 22 2014, 22:59:56) 
[GCC 4.8.2] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more
information.
>>>

From the preceding output, we can see that Python 2.7.6 is installed in this system. By issuing python in your terminal, you started Python interpreter in interactive mode. Here, you can play around with Python commands, and what you type will run and you'll see the outputs immediately.

You can use your favorite text editor to write your Python programs. If you do not have one, then try installing Geany or Sublime Text and it should be perfect for you. These are simple editors and offer a straightforward way to write as well as run your Python programs. In Geany, output is shown in a separate terminal window, whereas Sublime Text uses an embedded terminal window. Sublime Text is not free, but it has a flexible trial policy that allows you to use the editor without any stricture. It is one of the few cross-platform text editors that is quite apt for beginners and has a full range of functions targeting professionals.

Setting up in Linux

The Linux system is built in a way that makes it smooth for users to get started with Python programming. Most Linux distributions already have Python installed. For example, the latest versions of Ubuntu and Fedora come with Python 2.7. Also, the latest versions of Redhat Enterprise (RHEL) and CentOS come with Python 2.6. Just for the record, you might want to check this, though.

If it is not installed, the easiest way to install Python is to use the default package manager of your distribution, such as apt-get, yum, and so on. Install Python by issuing this command in the terminal:

For Debian / Ubuntu Linux / Kali Linux users, use the following command:

    $ sudo apt-get install python2

For Red Hat / RHEL / CentOS Linux users, use the following command:

    $sudo yum install python

To install Geany, leverage your distribution's package manager:

For Debian / Ubuntu Linux / Kali Linux users, use the following command:

    $sudo apt-get install geany geany-common

For Red Hat / RHEL / CentOS Linux users, use the following command:

    $ sudo yum install geany

Setting up in Mac

Even though Macintosh is a good platform to learn Python, many people using Macs actually run some Linux distribution or other on their computer, or run Python within a virtual Linux machine. The latest version of Mac OS X, Yosemite, comes with Python 2.7 pre-installed. Once you verify that it is working, install Sublime Text.

For Python to run on your Mac, you have to install GCC, which can be obtained by downloading XCode, the smaller command-line tool. Also, we need to install Homebrew, a package manager.

To install Homebrew, open terminal and run the following:

$ ruby -e "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/master/install)"

After installing Homebrew, you have to insert the Homebrew directory into your PATH environment variable. You can do this by including the following line in your ~/.profile file:

export PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:$PATH

Now we are ready to install Python 2.7. Run the following command in your Terminal, which will do the rest:

$ brew install python

To install Sublime Text, go to Sublime Text's downloads page at http://www.sublimetext.com/3, and click on the OS X link. This will get you the Sublime Text installer for your Mac.

Setting up in Windows

Windows does not have Python pre-installed on it. To check if it is installed, open a command prompt and type the word python, and press Enter. In most cases, you will get a message that says Windows does not recognize python as a command.

We have to download an installer that will set Python for Windows. Then we have to install and configure Geany to run Python programs.

Go to Python's download page at https://www.python.org/downloads/windows/ and download the Python 2.7 installer that is compatible with your system. If you are not aware of your operating system's architecture, then download 32-bit installers, which will work on both architectures, but 64-bit will only work on 64-bit systems.

To install Geany, go to Geany's download page at http://www.geany.org/Download/Releases and download the full installer variant, which has a description Full Installer including GTK 2.16. By default, Geany doesn't know where Python resides on your system. So we need to configure it manually.

For that, write a Hello world program in Geany, and save it anywhere in your system as hello.py and run it.

There are three methods you can use to run a Python program in Geany:

Select Build | Execute
Press F5
Click the icon with three gears on it

When you have a running hello.py program in Geany perform the following steps:

Go to Build | Set Build Commands.
Then enter the python commands option with C:\Python27\python -m py_compile "%f".
Execute the command with C:\Python27\python "%f".
Now you can run your Python programs while coding in Geany.

It is recommended to run a Kali Linux distribution as a virtual machine and use this as your scripting environment. Kali Linux comes with a number of tools pre-installed and is based on Debian Linux, so you'll also be able to install a wide variety of additional tools and libraries. Also, some of the libraries will not work properly on Windows systems.

Installing third-party libraries

We will be using many Python libraries throughout this book, and this section will help you to install and use third-party libraries.

Setuptools and pip

One of the most useful pieces of third-party Python software is Setuptools. With Setuptools, you can download and install any compliant Python libraries with a single command.

The best way to install Setuptools on any system is to download the ez_setup.py file from https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py and run this file with your Python installation.

In Linux, run this in the terminal with the correct path to ez_setup.py script:

$ sudo python path/to/ez_setup.py

For Windows 8, or old versions of Windows with PowerShell 3 installed, start the PowerShell with administrative privileges and run the following command in it:

> (Invoke-WebRequest https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py).Content | python -

For Windows systems without PowerShell 3 installed, download the ez_setup.py file from the preceding link using your web browser and run that file with your Python installation.

Pip is a package management system used to install and manage software packages written in Python. After successful installation of Setuptools, you can install pip by simply opening a command prompt and running the following:

$ easy_install pip

Alternatively, you could also install pip using your default distribution package managers:

On Debian, Ubuntu, and Kali Linux:

    $ sudo apt-get install python-pip

On Fedora:

    $ sudo yum install python-pip

Now you could run pip from command line. Try installing a package with pip:

$ pip install packagename

Working with virtual environments

Virtual environments help to separate dependencies required for different projects, by working inside a virtual environment it also helps to keep our global site-packages directory clean.

Using virtualenv and virtualwrapper

Virtualenv is a Python module which helps to create isolated Python environments for our scripting experiments, which creates a folder with all necessary executable files and modules for a basic Python project.

You can install virtualenv with the following command:

    $ sudo pip install virtualenv

To create a new virtual environment, create a folder and enter the folder from the command line:

$ cd your_new_folder 
$ virtualenv name-of-virtual-environment

This will initiate a folder with the provided name in your current working directory with all Python executable files and pip library, which will then help to install other packages in your virtual environment.

You can select a Python interpreter of your choice by providing more parameters, such as the following command:

$ virtualenv -p /usr/bin/python2.7 name-of-virtual-environment

This will create a virtual environment with Python 2.7. We have to activate it before starting to use this virtual environment:

$ source name-of-virtual-environment/bin/activate

Now, on the left side of the command prompt, the name of the active virtual environment will appear. Any package that you install inside this prompt using pip will belong to the active virtual environment, which will be isolated from all other virtual environments and global installation.

You can deactivate and exit from the current virtual environment using this command:

$ deactivate

Virtualenvwrapper provides a better way to use virtualenv. It also organizes all virtual environments in one place.

To install, we can use pip, but let's make sure we have installed virtualenv before installing virtualwrapper.

Linux and OS X users can install it with the following method:

$ pip install virtualenvwrapper

Also, add these three lines to your shell startup file, such as .bashrc or .profile:

export WORKON_HOME=$HOME/.virtualenvs 
export PROJECT_HOME=$HOME/Devel 
source /usr/local/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh

This will set Devel folder in your home directory as the location of your virtual environment projects.

For Windows users, we can use another package: virtualenvwrapper-win. This can also be installed with pip:

$ pip install virtualenvwrapper-win

To create a virtual environment with virtualwrapper:

$ mkvirtualenv your-project-name

This creates a folder with the provided name inside ~/Envs.

To activate this environment, we can use the workon command:

$ workon your-project-name

This two commands can be combined with the single one as follows:

$ mkproject your-project-name

We can deactivate the virtual environment with the same deactivate command in virtualenv. To delete a virtual environment, we can use the following command:

$ rmvirtualenv your-project-name

Python language essentials

In this section we will go through the idea of variables, strings, data types, networking, and exception handling. For an experienced programmer, this section will be just a summary of what you already know about Python.

Variables and types

Python is brilliant in case of variables. Variables point to data stored in a memory location. This memory location may contain different values, such as integers, real numbers, Booleans, strings, lists, and dictionaries.

Python interprets and declares variables when you set some value to this variable. For example, if we set a = 1 and b = 2.

Then we print the sum of these two variables with:

print (a+b)

The result will be 3 as Python will figure out that both a and b are numbers.

However, if we had assigned a = "1" and b = "2". Then the output will be 12, since both a and b will be considered as strings. Here, we do not have to declare variables or their type before using them as each variable is an object. The type() method can be used to get the variable type.

Strings

As with any other programming language, strings are one of the important things in Python. They are immutable. So, they cannot be changed once defined. There are many Python methods which can modify strings. They do nothing to the original one, but create a copy and return after modifications. Strings can be delimited with single quotes, double quotes, or in case of multiple lines, we can use triple quotes syntax. We can use the \ character to escape additional quotes which come inside a string.

Commonly used string methods are as follows:

string.count('x'): This returns the number of occurrences of 'x' in the string
string.find('x'): This returns the position of character 'x' in the string
string.lower(): This converts the string into lowercase
string.upper(): This converts the string into uppercase
string.replace('a', 'b'): This replaces all a with b in the string

Also, we can get the number of characters, including white spaces, in a string with the len() method:

#!/usr/bin/python 
a = "Python" 
b = "Python\n" 
c = "Python  " 
 
print len(a) 
print len(b) 
print len(c)

You can read more about the string function here: https://docs.python.org/2/library/string.html.

Lists

Lists allow us to store more than one variable inside it and provide a better method for sorting arrays of objects in Python. They also have methods which help to manipulate the values inside them:

list = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8] 
print (list[1])

This will print 2, as Python index starts from 0. To print out the whole list, use the following code:

list = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
for x in list:
 print (x)

This will loop through all elements and print them.

Useful list methods are as follows:

.append(value): This appends an element at the end of the list
.count('x'): This gets the number of 'x' in the list
.index('x'): This returns the index of 'x' in the list
.insert('y','x'): This inserts 'x' at location 'y'
.pop(): This returns the last element and also removes it from the list
.remove('x'): This removes first 'x' from the list
.reverse(): This reverses the elements in the list
.sort(): This sorts the list alphabetically in ascending order, or numerical in ascending order

Dictionaries

A Python dictionary is a storage method for key:value pairs. Python dictionaries are enclosed in curly braces, {}. For example:

dictionary = {'item1': 10, 'item2': 20} 
print(dictionary['item2'])

This will output 20. We cannot create multiple values with the same key. This will overwrite the previous value of the duplicate keys. Operations on dictionaries are unique. Slicing is not supported in dictionaries.

We can combine two distinct dictionaries to one by using the update method. Also, the update method will merge existing elements if they conflict:

a = {'apples': 1, 'mango': 2, 'orange': 3} 
b = {'orange': 4, 'lemons': 2, 'grapes ': 4} 
a.update(b) 
 
Print a

This will return the following:

{'mango': 2, 'apples': 1, 'lemons': 2, 'grapes ': 4, 'orange': 4}

To delete elements from a dictionary we can use the del method:

del a['mango'] 
print a

This will return the following:

{'apples': 1, 'lemons': 2, 'grapes ': 4, 'orange': 4}

Networking

Sockets are the basic blocks behind all network communications by a computer. All network communications go through a socket. So, sockets are the virtual endpoints of any communication channel that takes place between two applications which may reside on the same or different computers.

The socket module in Python provides us a better way to create network connections with Python. So to make use of this module, we have to import this in our script:

import socket 
socket.setdefaulttimeout(3) 
newSocket = socket.socket() 
newSocket.connect(("localhost",22)) 
response = newSocket.recv(1024) 
print response

This script will get the response header from the server. We will discuss more about networking in our later chapters.

Handling exceptions

Even though we wrote syntactically correct scripts, there will be some errors while executing them. So, we have to handle the errors properly. The simplest way to handle exceptions in Python is by using try-except:

Try to divide a number by zero in your Python interpreter:

>>> 10/0
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero

So, we can rewrite this script with try-except blocks:

try: 
   answer = 10/0 
except ZeroDivisionError, e: 
   answer = e 
print answer

This will return the error integer division or modulo by zero.

Tip

Downloading the example code

You can download the example code files for this book from your account at http://www.packtpub.com. If you purchased this book elsewhere, you can visit http://www.packtpub.com/support and register to have the files e-mailed directly to you.

You can download the code files by following these steps:

Log in or register to our website using your e-mail address and password.
Hover the mouse pointer on the SUPPORT tab at the top.
Click on Code Downloads & Errata.
Enter the name of the book in the Search box.
Select the book for which you're looking to download the code files.
Choose from the drop-down menu where you purchased this book from.
Click on Code Download.

You can also download the code files by clicking on the Code Files button on the book's webpage at the Packt Publishing website. This page can be accessed by entering the book's name in the Search box. Please note that you need to be logged in to your Packt account.

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The code bundle for the book is also hosted on GitHub at https://github.com/PacktPublishing/Effective-Python-Penetration-Testing. We also have other code bundles from our rich catalog of books and videos available at https://github.com/PacktPublishing/. Check them out!

Key benefits

Learn to utilize your Python scripting skills to pentest a computer system, network, and web-application

Get proficient at the art of assessing vulnerabilities by conducting effective penetration testing

This is the ultimate guide that teaches you how to use Python to protect your systems against sophisticated cyber attacks

Description

Penetration testing is a practice of testing a computer system, network, or web application to find weaknesses in security that an attacker can exploit. Effective Python Penetration Testing will help you utilize your Python scripting skills to safeguard your networks from cyberattacks. We will begin by providing you with an overview of Python scripting and penetration testing. You will learn to analyze network traffic by writing Scapy scripts and will see how to fingerprint web applications with Python libraries such as ProxMon and Spynner. Moving on, you will find out how to write basic attack scripts, and will develop debugging and reverse engineering skills with Python libraries. Toward the end of the book, you will discover how to utilize cryptography toolkits in Python and how to automate Python tools and libraries.

What you will learn

Write Scapy scripts to investigate network traffic

Get to know application fingerprinting techniques with Python

Understand the attack scripting techniques

Write fuzzing tools with pentesting requirements

Learn basic attack scripting methods

Utilize cryptographic toolkits in Python

Automate pentesting with Python tools and libraries

What do you get with Print?

Instant access to your digital eBook copy whilst your Print order is Shipped

Paperback book shipped to your preferred address

Download this book in EPUB and PDF formats

Access this title in our online reader with advanced features

DRM FREE - Read whenever, wherever and however you want

Frequently bought together

Kali Linux 2: Windows Penetration Testing

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Total $ 153.97

Timoteo Jan 14, 2017

Good start, but I felt it was lacking a bit of content or explanatory information. Some sections would just show a code snippet, then follow it up with, "then, comply with the API", or something similar. Perhaps the author should have added a few pages to explain some stuff a bit more. But, nonetheless, a good start on the subject.

Amazon Verified review

Effective Python Penetration Testing: Pen test your system like a pro and overcome vulnerabilities by leveraging Python scripts, libraries, and tools

What do you get with Print?

Effective Python Penetration Testing

Chapter 1. Python Scripting Essentials

Setting up the scripting environment

Setting up in Linux

Setting up in Mac

Setting up in Windows

Installing third-party libraries

Setuptools and pip

Working with virtual environments

Using virtualenv and virtualwrapper

Python language essentials

Variables and types

Strings

Lists

Dictionaries

Networking

Handling exceptions

Tip

Summary

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Effective Python Penetration Testing: Pen test your system like a pro and overcome vulnerabilities by leveraging Python scripts, libraries, and tools

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Setting up in Linux

Setting up in Mac

Setting up in Windows

Using virtualenv and virtualwrapper

Key benefits

Description

Who is this book for?

What you will learn

Product Details

What do you get with Print?

Contact Details

Shipping Address

Billing Address

Product Details

Packt Subscriptions

Frequently bought together

Table of Contents

Recommendations for you

Customer reviews

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About the author

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