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Mastering Python Scripting for System Administrators
Mastering Python Scripting for System Administrators

Mastering Python Scripting for System Administrators: Write scripts and automate them for real-world administration tasks using Python

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Mastering Python Scripting for System Administrators

Debugging and Profiling Python Scripts

Debugging and profiling play an important role in Python development. The debugger helps programmers to analyze the complete code. The debugger sets the breakpoints whereas the profilers run our code and give us the details of the execution time. The profilers will identify the bottlenecks in your programs. In this chapter, we'll learn about the pdb Python debugger, cProfile module, and timeit module to time the execution of Python code.

In this chapter, you'll learn about the following:

  • Python debugging techniques
  • Error handling (exception handling)
  • Debugger tools
  • Debugging basic program crashes
  • Profiling and timing programs
  • Making programs run faster

What is debugging?

Debugging is a process that resolves the issues that occur in your code and prevent your software from running properly. In Python, debugging is very easy. The Python debugger sets conditional breakpoints and debugs the source code one line at a time. We'll debug our Python scripts using a pdb module that's present in the Python standard library.

Python debugging techniques

To better debug a Python program, various techniques are available. We're going to look at four techniques for Python debugging:

  • print() statement: This is the simplest way of knowing what's exactly happening so you can check what has been executed.
  • logging: This is like a print statement but with more contextual...

Error handling (exception handling)

In this section, we're going to learn how Python handles exceptions. But first, what is an exception? An exception is an error that occurs during program execution. Whenever any error occurs, Python generates an exception that will be handled using a try…except block. Some exceptions can't be handled by programs so they result in error messages. Now, we are going to see some exception examples.

In your Terminal, start the python3 interactive console and we will see some exception examples:

student@ubuntu:~$ python3
Python 3.5.2 (default, Nov 23 2017, 16:37:01)
[GCC 5.4.0 20160609] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>>
>>> 50 / 0


Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ZeroDivisionError...

Debuggers tools

There are many debugging tools supported in Python:

  • winpdb
  • pydev
  • pydb
  • pdb
  • gdb
  • pyDebug

In this section, we are going to learn about pdb Python debugger. pdb module is a part of Python's standard library and is always available to use.

The pdb debugger

The pdb module is used to debug Python programs. Python programs use pdb interactive source code debugger to debug the programs. pdb sets breakpoints and inspects the stack frames, and lists the source code.

Now we will learn about how we can use the pdb debugger. There are three ways to use this debugger:

  • Within an interpreter
  • From a command line
  • Within a Python script

We are going to create a pdb_example.py script and add the following content in that...

Debugging basic program crashes

In this section, we are going to see the trace module. The trace module helps in tracing the program execution. So, whenever your Python program crashes, we can understand where it crashes. We can use trace module by importing it into your script as well as from the command line.

Now, we will create a script named trace_example.py and write the following content in the script:

class Student:
def __init__(self, std):
self.count = std

def go(self):
for i in range(self.count):
print(i)
return
if __name__ == '__main__':
Student(5).go()

The output will be as follows:

student@ubuntu:~$ python3 -m trace --trace trace_example.py
--- modulename: trace_example, funcname: <module>
trace_example.py(1): class...

Profiling and timing programs

Profiling a Python program means measuring an execution time of a program. It measures the time spent in each function. Python's cProfile module is used for profiling a Python program.

The cProfile module

As discussed previously, profiling means measuring the execution time of a program. We are going to use the cProfile Python module for profiling a program.

Now, we will write a cprof_example.py script and write the following code in it:

mul_value = 0
def mul_numbers( num1, num2 ):
mul_value = num1 * num2;
print ("Local Value: ", mul_value)
return mul_value
mul_numbers( 58, 77 )
print ("Global Value: ", mul_value)

Run the program and you will...

Making programs run faster

There are various ways to make your Python programs run faster, such as the following:

  • Profile your code so you can identify the bottlenecks
  • Use built-in functions and libraries so the interpreter doesn't need to execute loops
  • Avoid using globals as Python is very slow in accessing global variables
  • Use existing packages

Summary

In this chapter, we learned about the importance of debugging and profiling programs. We learned what the different techniques available for debugging are. We learned about the pdb Python debugger and how to handle exceptions. We learned about how to use the cProfile and timeit modules of Python while profiling and timing our scripts. We also learned how to make your scripts run faster.

In the next chapter, we are going to learn about unit testing in Python. We are going to learn about creating and using unit tests.

Questions

  1. To debug a program, which module is used?
  2. Check how to use ipython along with all aliases and magic functions.
  3. What is Global interpreted lock (GIL)?
  4. What is the purpose of the PYTHONSTARTUP, PYTHONCASEOK, PYTHONHOME, and PYTHONSTARTUP environment variables?
  1. What is the output of the following code? a) [0], b) [1], c) [1, 0], d) [0, 1].
def foo(k):
k = [1]
q = [0]
foo(q)
print(q)
  1. Which of the following is an invalid variable?
    a) my_string_1
    b) 1st_string
    c) foo
    d) _

Further reading

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Key benefits

  • Learn how to solve problems of system administrators and automate routine activities
  • Learn to handle regular expressions, network administration
  • Building GUI, web-scraping and database administration including data analytics

Description

Python has evolved over time and extended its features in relation to every possible IT operation. Python is simple to learn, yet has powerful libraries that can be used to build powerful Python scripts for solving real-world problems and automating administrators' routine activities. The objective of this book is to walk through a series of projects that will teach readers Python scripting with each project. This book will initially cover Python installation and quickly revise basic to advanced programming fundamentals. The book will then focus on the development process as a whole, from setup to planning to building different tools. It will include IT administrators' routine activities (text processing, regular expressions, file archiving, and encryption), network administration (socket programming, email handling, the remote controlling of devices using telnet/ssh, and protocols such as SNMP/DHCP), building graphical user interface, working with websites (Apache log file processing, SOAP and REST APIs communication, and web scraping), and database administration (MySQL and similar database data administration, data analytics, and reporting). By the end of this book, you will be able to use the latest features of Python and be able to build powerful tools that will solve challenging, real-world tasks

Who is this book for?

This book would be ideal for users with some basic understanding of Python programming and who are interested in scaling their programming skills to command line scripting and system administration. Prior knowledge of Python would be necessary.

What you will learn

  • Understand how to install Python and debug Python scripts
  • Understand and write scripts for automating testing and routine administrative activities
  • Understand how to write scripts for text processing, encryption, decryption, and archiving
  • Handle files, such as pdf, excel, csv, and txt files, and generate reports
  • Write scripts for remote network administration, including handling emails
  • Build interactive tools using a graphical user interface
  • Handle Apache log files, SOAP and REST APIs communication
  • Automate database administration and perform statistical analysis
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Publication date : Jan 30, 2019
Length: 318 pages
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Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781789133226
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Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781789133226
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Table of Contents

20 Chapters
Python Scripting Overview Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Debugging and Profiling Python Scripts Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Unit Testing - Introduction to the Unit Testing Framework Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Automating Regular Administrative Activities Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Handling Files, Directories, and Data Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
File Archiving, Encrypting, and Decrypting Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Text Processing and Regular Expressions Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Documentation and Reporting Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Working with Various Files Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Basic Networking - Socket Programming Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Handling Emails Using Python Scripting Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Remote Monitoring of Hosts Over Telnet and SSH Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Building Graphical User Interfaces Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Working with Apache and Other Log Files Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
SOAP and REST API Communication Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Web Scraping - Extracting Useful Data from Websites Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Statistics Gathering and Reporting Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
MySQL and SQLite Database Administrations Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Assessments Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Other Books You May Enjoy Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

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Chris Hendriks Mar 30, 2019
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lots of typo's, bad examples, no depth
Amazon Verified review Amazon
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