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Home > Programming > Application Development > Mastering openFrameworks: Creative Coding Demystified
Mastering openFrameworks: Creative Coding Demystified
Mastering openFrameworks: Creative Coding Demystified

Mastering openFrameworks: Creative Coding Demystified: openFrameworks is the doorway to so many creative multimedia possibilities and this book will tell you everything you need to know to undertake your own projects. You'll find creative coding is simpler than you think.

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Mastering openFrameworks: Creative Coding Demystified

Chapter 2. Drawing in 2D

Drawing is one of the main capabilities of openFrameworks. Here, we consider the basics of 2D graphics, including drawing geometric primitives, working with colors, and drawing in an offscreen buffer. In this chapter we will cover:

  • Geometric primitives

  • Using ofPoint

  • Coordinate system transformations

  • Colors

  • Using FBO for offscreen drawings

  • Playing with numerical instability

  • Screen grabbing

Drawing basics

The screens of modern computers consist of a number of small squares, called pixels (picture elements). Each pixel can light in one color. You create pictures on the screen by changing the colors of the pixels.

Note

Graphics based on pixels is called raster graphics. Another kind of graphics is vector graphics, which is based on primitives such as lines and circles. Today, most computer screens are arrays of pixels and represent raster graphics. But images based on vector graphics (vector images) are still used in computer graphics (for details, see the Images basics section in Chapter 4, Images and Textures). Vector images are drawn on raster screens using the rasterization procedure.

The openFrameworks project can draw on the whole screen (when it is in fullscreen mode) or only in a window (when fullscreen mode is disabled). See how to set screen modes in the main.cpp and setup() sections in Chapter 1, openFrameworks Basics. For simplicity, we will call the area where openFrameworks...

The background color of the screen

The drawing on the screen in openFrameworks should be performed in the testApp::draw() function (see the testApp.cpp section in Chapter 1, openFrameworks Basics). Before this function is called by openFrameworks, the entire screen is filled with a fixed color, which is set by the function ofSetBackground( r, g, b ). Here r, g, and b are integer values corresponding to red, green, and blue components of the background color in the range 0 to 255. Note that each of the ofSetBackground() function call fills the screen with the specified color immediately.

Tip

You can make a gradient background using the ofBackgroundGradient() function. See its description in the The triangles cloud example section in Chapter 7, Drawing in 3D.

You can set the background color just once in the testApp::setup() function, but we often call ofSetBackground() in the beginning of the testApp::draw() function to not mix up the setup stage and the drawing stage.

Pulsating background example...

Geometric primitives

In this chapter we will deal with 2D graphics. 2D graphics can be created in the following ways:

  • Drawing geometric primitives such as lines, circles, and other curves and shapes like triangles and rectangles. This is the most natural way of creating graphics by programming. Generative art and creative coding projects are often based on this graphics method. We will consider this in the rest of the chapter.

  • Drawing images lets you add more realism to the graphics, and this is considered in Chapter 4, Images and Textures.

  • Setting the contents of the screen directly, pixel-by-pixel, is the most powerful way of generating graphics. But it is harder to use for simple things like drawing curves. So, such method is normally used together with both of the previous methods. A somewhat fast technique for drawing a screen pixel-by-pixel consists of filling an array with pixels colors, loading it in an image, and drawing the image on the screen (see its description in the Creating...

Using ofPoint

Maybe you noted a problem when considering the preceding flower example: drawing primitives by specifying the coordinates of all the vertices is a little cumbersome. There are too many numbers in the code, so it is hard to understand the relation between primitives. To solve this problem, we will learn about using the ofPoint class and then apply it for drawing primitives using control points.

ofPoint is a class that represents the coordinates of a 2D point. It has two main fields: x and y, which are float type.

Note

Actually, ofPoint has the third field z, so ofPoint can be used for representing 3D points too (we use this capability in Chapter 7, Drawing in 3D). If you do not specify z, it sets to zero by default, so in this case you can think of ofPoint as a 2D point indeed.

Operations with points

To represent some point, just declare an object of the ofPoint class.

ofPoint p;

To initialize the point, set its coordinates.

p.x = 100.0;
p.y = 200.0;

Or, alternatively, use the constructor...

Coordinate system transformations

Sometimes we need to translate, rotate, and resize drawings. For example, arcade games are based on the characters moving across the screen.

When we perform drawing using control points, the straightforward solution for translating, rotating, and resizing graphics is in applying desired transformations to control points using corresponding mathematical formulas. Such idea works, but sometimes leads to complicated formulas in the code (especially when we need to rotate graphics). The more elegant solution is in using coordinate system transformations. This is a method of temporarily changing the coordinate system during drawing, which lets you translate, rotate, and resize drawings without changing the drawing algorithm.

Note

The current coordinate system is represented in openFrameworks with a matrix. All coordinate system transformations are made by changing this matrix in some way. When openFrameworks draws something using the changed coordinate system, it...

Colors

Up until now we have worked with colors using the functions ofSetColor( r, g, b ) and ofBackground( r, g, b ). By calling these functions, we specify the color of the current drawing and background as r, g, and b values, corresponding to red, green, and blue components, where r, g and b are integer values lying in the range 0 to 255.

Tip

When you need to specify gray colors, you can use overloaded versions of these functions with just one argument: ofSetColor( gray ) and ofBackground( gray ), where gray is in the range 0 to 255.

These functions are simple, but not enough. Sometimes, you need to pass the color as a single parameter in a function, and also do color modifications like changing the brightness. To solve this problem, openFrameworks has the class ofColor. It lets us operate with colors as we do with single entities and modify these.

ofColor is a class representing a color. It has four float fields: r, g, b, and a. Here r, g, and b are red, green, and blue components of a...

Drawing with an uncleared background

By default, the screen is cleared each time before testApp:draw() is called, so you need to draw all the contents of the screen inside testApp::draw() again and again. It is appropriate in most cases, but sometimes we want the screen to accumulate our drawings. In openFrameworks, you can do this by disabling screen clearing using the ofSetBackgroundAuto( false ) function. All successive drawings will accumulate on the screen. (In this case you should call ofBackground() rarely, only for clearing the current screen).

This method is very simple to use, but is not flexible enough for serious projects. Also, currently it has some issues:

  • In Mac OS X, the screen can jitter.

  • In Windows, screen grabbing does not work (more details on screen grabbing can be seen in the Screen grabbing section later in this chapter)

Tip

See an example of using this method in the The bouncing ball example section in Chapter 6, Working with Sounds.

So, when you need to accumulate drawings...

Using FBO for offscreen drawings

FBO in computer graphics stands for frame buffer object. This is an offscreen raster buffer where openFrameworks can draw just like on the screen. You can draw something in this buffer, and then draw the buffer contents on the screen. The picture in the buffer is not cleared with each testApp::draw() calling, so you can use FBO for accumulated drawings.

In openFrameworks, FBO is represented by the class ofFBO.

The typical scheme of its usage is the following:

  1. Declare an ofFbo object, fbo, in the testApp class declaration.

    ofFbo fbo;

  2. Initialize fbo with some size in the testApp::setup() function.

    int w = ofGetWidth();
int h = ofGetHeight();
fbo.allocate( w, h );

  3. Draw something in fbo. You can do it not only in testApp::draw() but also in testApp::setup() and testApp::update(). To begin drawing, call fbo.begin() . After this, all drawing commands, such as ofBackground() and ofLine(), will draw to fbo. To finish drawing, call fbo.end(). For example, to fill fbo with...

Screen grabbing

Sometimes it is desirable to save the picture drawn by your project in the file. You can do it using tools of your operating system, but it's more comfortable to do it right in your project. So let's see how to save the contents of your project screen to an image file.

For such purposes, we need to use the ofImage class for working with images. Though the class is considered in Chapter 4, Images and Textures, for screen grabbing, it is just enough to understand that the ofImage object holds an image.

The following code saves the current screen to file on the pressing of the Space bar. It should be added to the testApp::keyPressed() function as follows:

//Grab the screen image to file
if ( key == ' ' ) {
  ofImage image;  //Declare image object

  //Grab contents of the screen
  image.grabScreen( 0, 0, ofGetWidth(), ofGetHeight() );  

  image.saveImage( "screen.png" );  //Save image to file
}

The parameters of the image.grabScreen() function specify the rectangle of the grabbing...

Additional topics

In this chapter, we have considered some of the basic topics of 2D drawing. For reading further on openFrameworks 2D capabilities, we suggest the following topics:

  • Drawing text using the function ofDrawBitmapString() or the class ofTrueTypeFont. See the openFrameworks example examples/graphics/fontShapesExample.

  • Drawing filled shapes using the functions ofBeginShape(), ofVertex(), and ofEndShape() . See the openFrameworks example examples/graphics/polygonExample.

  • Creating PDF files with openFrameworks drawings. Such files will contain vector graphics suitable for high-quality printing purposes. See the openFrameworks example examples/graphics/pdfExample.

For deeper exploration of the world of 2D graphics, we suggest the following topics:

  • Using Perlin noise for simulating life-like motion of objects. See Appendix B, Perlin Noise.

  • Using the algorithmic method of recursion for drawing branched structures like trees.

If you are interested in playing with generative art, explore the...

Summary

In this chapter we learned how to draw geometrical primitives using control points, perform transformations of the coordinate system, and work with colors. Also, we studied how to accumulate drawings in the offscreen buffer and considered the generative art example of using it. Finally, we learned how to save the current screen image to the file.

In the next chapter we will continue learning 2D graphics and will consider one powerful method of generating fascinating animations and drawings – particle systems.

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Key benefits

  • Create cutting edge audio-visual interactive projects, interactive installations, and sound art projects with ease
  • Unleash the power of low-level data processing methods using C++ and shaders
  • Make use of the next generation technologies and techniques in your projects involving OpenCV, Microsoft Kinect, and so on

Description

openFrameworks is a powerful programming toolkit and library designed to assist the creative process through simplicity and intuitiveness. It's a very handy software library written in C++ to reduce the software development process, helping you to kick-start creative coding. With the help of C++ and shaders support, openFrameworks allows for the processing of all kinds of media information with your custom-developed algorithms at the lowest possible level, with the fastest speed. "Mastering openFrameworks: Creative Coding Demystified" will introduce you to a world of creative coding projects, including interactive installations, audio-visual, and sound art projects. You will learn how to make your own projects using openFrameworks. This book focuses on low-level data processing, which allows you to create really unique and cutting-edge installations and projects. "Mastering openFrameworks: Creative Coding Demystified" provides a complete introduction to openFrameworks, including installation, core capabilities, and addons. Advanced topics like shaders, computer vision, and depth cameras are also covered. We start off by discussing the basic topics such as image and video loading, rendering and processing, playing sound samples, and synthesizing new sounds. We then move on to cover 3D graphics, computer vision, and depth cameras. You will also learn a number of advanced topics such as video mapping, interactive floors and walls, video morphing, networking, and using geometry shaders. You will learn everything you need to know in order to create your own projects; create projects of all levels, ranging from simple creative-code experiments, to big interactive systems consisting of a number of computers, depth cameras, and projectors.

Who is this book for?

If you are a visual artist, designer, or programmer interested in creative coding with openFrameworks then this book is for you. Basic knowledge of object-oriented programming, such as C++, Java, Python, and ActionScript 3, would be helpful.

What you will learn

  • Install openFrameworks in Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux
  • Load images and videos from files, and learn rendering and low-level processing
  • Learn to use sound samples, sound synthesizing, and how to record sounds from a microphone
  • Work with 3D graphics, including shaders
  • Extend your project with additional graphics, sound, networking, and computer vision functionality with the help of numerous openFrameworks addons
  • Create distributed projects, which work on a several computers by synchronizing via OSC protocol
  • Leverage computer vision basics, including optical flow, and perspective transformations
  • Use depth cameras, like Microsoft Kinect, for creating interactive walls.
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Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781849518048
Category :
Programming
Languages :
C++
Concepts :
Application Development
Tools :
openFrameworks

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Table of Contents

11 Chapters
openFrameworks Basics Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
openFrameworks Basics
About openFrameworks
Installing openFrameworks and running your first example
Installing on Mac OS with Xcode
Installing on Linux with Code::Blocks
openFrameworks' folders
File structure of a project
Code structure of a project
Creating a new project
Creating your first project – the Pendulum example
Running the book's examples
Basic utility functions
Summary
Drawing in 2D Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Drawing in 2D
Drawing basics
The background color of the screen
Geometric primitives
Using ofPoint
Coordinate system transformations
Colors
Drawing with an uncleared background
Using FBO for offscreen drawings
Screen grabbing
Additional topics
Summary
Building a Simple Particle System Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Building a Simple Particle System
The basics of particle systems
A single particle
An emitter
The attraction, repulsion, and spinning forces
Graphical user interface
Additional topics
Summary
Images and Textures Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Images and Textures
Raster and vector images
Loading and drawing an image
Rotating images
Color modulation
Transparency
Creating and modifying images
Using ofTexture for memory optimization
Image warping and video mapping
Using images for internal calculations
Summary
Working with Videos Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Working with Videos
Video basics
Playing a video file
Controlling the video playback
Processing a single video frame
Processing multiple frames
Processing a live video from the camera
Using image sequence
Summary
Working with Sounds Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Working with Sounds
Sound basics
Playing sound samples
Generating sounds
Using a microphone
Getting spectral data from sound
Summary
Drawing in 3D Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Drawing in 3D
3D basics
Simple 3D drawing
Using ofMesh
Drawing sharp edges
Drawing line segments and points
Coloring the vertices
Texturing
Working with vertices
The oscillating plane example
Additional topics
Summary
Using Shaders Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Using Shaders
Basics of shaders
Structure of a shader's code
A simple fragment shader example
Creating video effects with fragment shaders
Deforming objects with a vertex shader
Using vertex shader in our project
Using a geometry shader
Additional topics
Summary
Computer Vision with OpenCV Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Computer Vision with OpenCV
Understanding computer vision and OpenCV
Using ofxOpenCv
Working with ofxCv images
Image filtering
Geometrical transformations of images
Searching for objects in an image
Using OpenCV functions
Summary
Using Depth Cameras Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Using Depth Cameras
Depth camera basics
Installing the ofxOpenNI addon
ofxOpenNI examples
Creating interactive surface
Additional topics
Summary
Networking Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Networking
Networking basics
Using OSC protocol
Using TCP protocol for streaming images
Summary

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Yoichi Nagashima Nov 19, 2013
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Since I really like this cool book, I recommend this book to young people who aim to media art.I think the author of this book is a young and ambitious researcher. And he is enjoying - not only professional programming, but also difficult collaboration with artistic fields.As a professor, I want to recommend this book to students who aim to media design.For beginners, this is good text book of "C++ programming" for the first time, and this book is full of exciting samples - for performance, for installations and systems generating a multi-media in real time.Because I have enjoyed "Processing", I did not have experienced "openFrameworks". But I am thinking that I will try to learn "openFrameworks" with this book.
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Leslie P Nov 20, 2013
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Mastering openFrameworks is full of very useful explanations that are not in the openFrameworks documentation. Each chapter has a nice introduction and background information for the topic, and how it can be used in a project. The explanation of computer vision and OpenCV was helpful. My favourite chapters were on particles and 3d drawing, you can get some very cool visuals going very quickly.I found the “drawing in 3D” chapter especially useful. The sample code was clean, clear, and a great tool to get started and it really helped me delve into the 3D capabilities of OF, which I had never really explored before.This book caters to the building blocks needed for creative coding applications and covers a lot of necessary topics. If you DO have OF/C++ experience, this book is not too rudimentary to be useful—it’s actually a great reference.
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James Ashley Mar 25, 2014
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This is as good as a tech book can get. The examples are relevant and easy to follow. The writing is clear. The details are meticulous and explain the finer points of "creative coding" without hitting you over the head. A great companion book for Josh Noble's "Programming Interactivity".
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Mathias Paumgarten Oct 24, 2013
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
This book provides well insight from setting up openFrameworks projects and controlling simple input ways such as keystrokes and clicks, over image and video manipulation, all the way to first steps of shader programming for 3D (openGL) projects.The book is split into brief chapters, each covering at least one example from setup to the finish of execution.If you are interested into entering the world of creative coding and generative art, this book will give you a good insight and lead you along your first steps.However, in my opinion, a basic understanding of programming and C++ in specific should be present.
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Ronaldo Lombardi Mar 11, 2020
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Ele trata de muitos assuntos importantes para quem deseja usar o framework e aborda de forma simples. Gostaria de ter achado este livro antes :) Estou devorando. Obrigado ao autor.
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The Python Workshop Second Edition
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Nov 2022 600 pages
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Template Metaprogramming with C++
Template Metaprogramming with C++
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Aug 2022 480 pages
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Domain-Driven Design with Golang
Domain-Driven Design with Golang
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Dec 2022 204 pages
Full star icon 4.4 (19)
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€33.99
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About the author

Profile icon Denis Perevalov
Denis Perevalov
Denis Perevalov is a lecturer and programmer from Ekaterinburg, Russia. He teaches creating interactive media projects at Ekaterinburg Academy of Contemporary Art, and teaches 3D graphics at Ural Federal University. Also he is scientist the Krasovsky Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics.
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Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela