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Learning D3.js 5 Mapping
Learning D3.js 5 Mapping

Learning D3.js 5 Mapping: Build cutting-edge maps and visualizations with JavaScript , Second Edition

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Learning D3.js 5 Mapping

Creating Images from Simple Text

In this chapter, a high-level overview of Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) will be presented by explaining how it operates and what elements it encompasses. In a browser context, SVG is very similar to HTML and is one of the means by which D3 expresses its power. Understanding the nodes and attributes of SVG will empower us to create many kinds of visualizations, not just maps. This chapter includes the following points:

  • A general overview of SVG and its key elements
  • The SVG coordinate system
  • The primary elements of SVG (lines, rectangles, circles, polygons, and paths)

SVG, an XML markup language, is designed to describe two-dimensional vector graphics. The SVG markup language resides in the DOM as a node that describes exactly how to draw a shape (a curve, line, circle, or polygon). Just like HTML, SVG tags can also be styled from standard CSS...

The SVG coordinate system

What about position? Where do these primitives draw inside the SVG element? What if you wanted to put a circle in the top-left and another one bottom-right? Where do you start?

SVG is positioned by a grid system, similar to the Cartesian coordinate system. However, in SVG (0,0) is the top-left corner. The x axis proceeds horizontally from left to right starting at 0. The y axis also starts at 0 and extends downward. See the following illustration:

What about drawing shapes on top of each other? How do you control the z index? In SVG, there is no z coordinate. Depth is determined by the order in which the shape is drawn. If you were to draw a circle with coordinates (10,10) and then another one with coordinates (10,10), you would see the second circle drawn on top of the first.

The following sections will cover the basic SVG primitives for drawing shapes...

Line

The SVG line is one of the simplest in the library. It draws a straight line from
one point to another. The syntax is very straightforward and can be experimented with at: http://localhost:8080/chapter-2/line.html, assuming the HTTP server is running:

<line x1="10" y1="10" x2="100" y2="100" stroke-width="1" 
stroke="red"/>

This will give you the following output:

A description of the element's attributes is as follows:

  • x1 and y1: The starting x and y coordinates
  • x2 and y2: The ending x and y coordinates
  • stroke: This gives the line a red color
  • stroke-width: This denotes the width of the line to be drawn in pixels

The line tag also has the ability to change the style of the end of the line. For example, adding the following would change the image so it has round ends:

stroke-linecap: round; 

As stated...

Rectangle

The basic HTML code to create a rectangle is as follows:

<rect width="100" height="20" x="10" y="10"></rect> 

Let's apply the following style:

      rect { 
        stroke-width: 1; 
        stroke:steelblue; 
        fill:#888; 
        fill-opacity: .5; 
      } 

We will create a rectangle that starts at the coordinates (10,10), and is 100 pixels wide and 20 pixels high. Based on the styling, it will have a blue outline, a gray interior, and will appear slightly opaque. See the following output and example
http://localhost:8080/chapter-2/rectangle.html:

There are two more attributes that are useful when creating rounded borders
(rx and ry):

<rect with="100" height="20" x="10" y="10" rx="5" ry="5"></rect> 

These attributes indicate that...

Circle

A circle is positioned with the cx and cy attributes. These indicate the x and y coordinates of the center of the circle. The radius is determined by the r attribute. The following is an example you can experiment with ( http://localhost:8080/chapter-2/circle.html):

<circle cx="62" cy="62" r="50"></circle> 

Now type in the following code:

   circle { 
        stroke-width: 5; 
        stroke:steelblue; 
        fill:#888; 
        fill-opacity: .5; 
   } 

This will create a circle with the familiar blue outline, a gray interior, and half-way opaque.

Polygon

To create a polygon, use the polygon tag. The best way to think about an SVG polygon is to compare it to a child's dot-to-dot game. You can imagine a series of dots and a pen connecting each (x, y) coordinate with a straight line. The series of dots is identified in the points attribute. Take the following as an example (http://localhost:8080/chapter-2/polygon.html):

<polygon points="60,5 10,120 115,120"/> 

First, we start at 60,5 and we move to 10,120. Then, we proceed to 115,120 and, finally, return to 60,5.

The pen returns to the starting position automatically.

Path

When creating maps with D3, the path SVG tag is used most often. Using the definition from W3C, you can think of the path tag as a series of commands that explain how to draw any shape by moving a pen on a piece of paper. The path commands start with the location to place the pen and then a series of follow-up commands that tell the pen how to connect additional points with lines. The path shapes can also be filled or have their outline styled.

Let's look at a very simple example to replicate the triangle we created as a polygon.

Open your browser, go to http://localhost:8080/chapter-2/path.html, and you will see the following output on your screen:

Right-click anywhere in the triangle and select Inspect element.

The path command for this shape is as follows:

<path d="M 120 120 L 220 220, 420 120 Z" stroke="steelblue" 
fill="lightyellow&quot...

Transform

The transform allows you to change your visualization dynamically and is one of the advantages of using SVG and commands to draw shapes. Transform is an additional attribute you can add to any of the elements we have discussed so far. Two important types of transform when dealing with our D3 maps are:

  • Translate: Move the element
  • Scale: Adjust the coordinates for all attributes in the element

Translate

You will likely use this transformation in all of your cartography work and will see it in most D3 examples online. As a technique, it's often used with a margin object to shift the entire visualization. The following syntax can be applied to any element:

transform="translate(x,y)" 

Here, x and y are...

Grouping

The group tag <g> is used often in SVG, especially in maps. It is used to group elements and then apply a set of attributes to that set. It provides the following benefits:

  • It allows you to treat a set of shapes as a single shape for the purpose of scaling and translating.
  • It prevents code duplication by allowing you to set attributes at a higher level and have them inherit all the elements included.
  • Groups are essential for applying transformations to large sets of SVG nodes in a performant manner. Grouping offsets the parent group rather than modifying each of the attributes in every item of the group.

Let's take the set of shapes used to explain Bézier curves and add all of them to a single group, combining everything we have learned so far, in the following code:

    <svg height="500" width="800"> 
      <g transform...

Text

The text element, as its name describes, is used to display text in SVG. The basic HTML code to create a text node is as follows:

<text x="250" y="150">Hello world!</text> 

It has an x and a y coordinate to tell it where to begin writing in the SVG coordinate system. Styling can be achieved with a CSS class in order to have a clear separation of concerns within our code base. For example, check out the following code:

<text x="250" y="150" class="myText">Hello world!</text> 
 
.myText{ 
  font-size:22px; 
  font-family:Helvetica; 
  stroke-width:2; 
} 

Text also supports rotation in order to provide flexibility when positioning it on the visualization:

<svg width="600" height="600"> 
        <text x="250" y="150" class="myText" 
transform...

Summary

This chapter has given us a wealth of information regarding SVG. We explained paths, lines, circles, rectangles, text, and some of their attributes. We also covered transformation by scaling and translating shapes. Since this chapter has given us a solid baseline, we can now create complicated shapes. The next chapter will introduce us to D3 and how it is used to manage SVG programmatically. On we go!

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Key benefits

  • Dive into D3.js and apply its powerful data binding ability in order to create stunning visualizations
  • Learn the key concepts of SVG, JavaScript, CSS and the DOM to bring data and shapes to live in the browser
  • Solve common problems faced while building interactive maps
  • Acquire key web development skills from the creating your interactive to testing and finally publishing it.

Description

D3.js is a visualization library used for the creation and control of dynamic and interactive graphical forms. It is a library used to manipulate HTML and SVG documents as well as the Canvas element based on data. Using D3.js, developers can create interactive maps for the web, that look and feel beautiful. This book will show you how build and design maps with D3.js and gives you great insight into projections, colors, and the most appropriate types of map. The book begins by helping you set up all the tools necessary to build visualizations and maps. Then it covers obtaining geographic data, modifying it to your specific needs, visualizing it with augmented data using D3.js. It will further show you how to draw and map with the Canvas API and how to publish your visualization. By the end of this book, you'll be creating maps like the election maps and the kind of infographics you'll find on sites like the New York Times.

Who is this book for?

This book is for people with at least a basic knowledge of of web development (basic HTML/CSS/JavaScript). You don’t need to have worked with D3.js before.

What you will learn

  • Work with SVG geometric shapes
  • Learn to manage map data and plot it with D3.js
  • Add interactivity and points of interest to your maps
  • Compress and manipulate geoJSON files with the use of topoJSON
  • Learn how to write testable D3.js visualizations
  • Build a globe with D3.js and Canvas and add interactivity to it.
  • Create a hexbin map with D3.js
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Table of Contents

12 Chapters
Gathering Your Cartography Toolbox Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Creating Images from Simple Text Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Producing Graphics from Data - the Foundations of D3 Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Creating a Map Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Click-Click Boom! Applying Interactivity to Your Map Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Finding and Working with Geographic Data Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Testing Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Drawing with Canvas and D3 Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Mapping with Canvas and D3 Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Adding Interactivity to Your Canvas Map Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Shaping Maps with Data - Hexbin Maps Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Publishing Your Visualization with GitHub Pages Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

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(1 Ratings)
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1 star 0%
Jim Mar 23, 2019
Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 2
This book makes it hard to learn the subject when you need to troubleshoot examples that don't work. Also, I'm not sure if the book had an editor. There are places where more description is needed to help get the reader started our correctly and have the confidence their tool box is setup and configured correctly, instead of making the user 'Google it' to find answers. Other than that, the information in the book covers the areas I wanted, but it is at best surface and partially incomplete.
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