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Professional Scala
Professional Scala

Professional Scala: Combine object-oriented and functional programming to build high-performance applications

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Professional Scala

Chapter 2. Basic Language Features

In the previous chapter, we learned the various aspects of setting up the development environment wherein we covered the structure of a Scala project and identified the use of sbt for building and running projects. We covered REPL, which is a command-line interface for running Scala code, and how to develop and run code over the IDEA IDE. Finally, we implemented interactions with our simple chatbot application.

In this chapter, we will explore the so-called 'OO' part of Scala, which allows us to build constructions similar to analogs in any mainstream language, such as Java or C++. The object-oriented part of Scala will cover classes and objects, traits, pattern matching, case class, and so on. Finally, we will implement the object-oriented concepts that we learn to our chatbot application.

Looking at the history of programming paradigms, we will notice that the first generation of high-level programming languages (Fortran, C, Pascal...

Objects, Classes, and Traits

Scala is a multiparadigm language, which unites functional and OO programming. Now, we will explore Scala's traditional object-oriented programming facilities: object, classes, and traits.

These facilities are similar in the sense that each one contains some sets of data and methods, but they are different regarding life cycle and instance management:

  • Objects are used when we need a type with one instance (such as singletons)
  • Classes are used when we need to have many instances, which can be created with the help of the new operator
  • Traits are used for mix-ins into other classes

Note that it is not worth navigating through code, as this is exposed in examples.

Object

We have seen an object in the previous chapter. Let's scroll through our codebase and open the file named Main in Lesson 2/3-project:

object Chatbot3 {
val effects = DefaultEffects
def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {
   ….}
   def createInitMode() = (Bye or CurrentDate or CurrentTime...

OO in Our Chatbot

Now that you know the theoretical basics, let's look at these facilities and how they are used in our program. Let's open Lesson 2/3-project in our IDE and extend our chatbot, which was developed in the previous chapter.

Decoupling Logic and Environment

To do this, we must decouple the environment and logic, and integrate only one in the main method.

Let's open the EffectsProvider class:

Note

For full code, refer to Code Snippets/Lesson 2.scala file.

trait EffectsProvider extends TimeProvider {

 def input: UserInput

 def output: UserOutput

}

object DefaultEffects extends EffectsProvider
{
 override def input: UserInput = ConsoleInput

 override def output: UserOutput = ConsoleOutput

 override def currentTime(): LocalTime = LocalTime.now()

 override def currentDate(): LocalDate = LocalDate.now()
}

Here, we encapsulate all of the effects into our traits, which can have different implementations.

For example, let's look at UserOutput:

For full...

Function Calls

Now, we'll look at how function calls are implemented in Scala.

Syntax Goodies

Scala provides flexible syntax and it is worth dedicating a few minutes to this concept.

Named Parameters

The following is a function, f(a:Int, b:Int). We can call this function using the named parameter syntax: f(a = 5, b=10). If we swap the parameters but leave the correct names, the method will still be correct.

It is possible to combine positional and named function calls—the first few arguments can be positional.

For example:

def f(x:Int, y:Int) = x*2 + y
f(x=1,y=2) // 4
f(y=1,x=2) // 5

Default Parameters

When specifying a function, we can set default parameters. Then, later, when we call this function, we can omit parameters and the compiler will substitute defaults:

def f(x:Int, y:Int=2) = x*2 + y
f(1) // 4

It is possible to create a comfortable API with the help of the combination of named and default arguments. For example, for case classes with N components, the compiler generates...

Summary

We have now reached the end of this chapter. In this chapter, we covered the object-oriented aspects of Scala such as classes, objects, pattern matching, self-types, case classes, and so on. We also implemented object-oriented concepts that we learned in our chatbot application.

In the next chapter, we will cover functional programming with Scala and how object-oriented and functional approaches complete each other. We will also cover generic classes, which are often used with pattern matching. We will also cover how to create user-defined pattern matching and why is it useful.

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Key benefits

  • Expert guidance that shows you to efficiently use both object-oriented and functional programming techniques
  • Understand functional programming libraries, such as Cats and Scalaz, and use them to augment your Scala development
  • Perfectly balances theory and hands-on exercises, assessments, and activities

Description

This book teaches you how to build and contribute to Scala programs, recognizing common patterns and techniques used with the language. You’ll learn how to write concise, functional code with Scala. After an introduction to core concepts, syntax, and writing example applications with scalac, you’ll learn about the Scala Collections API and how the language handles type safety via static types out-of-the-box. You’ll then learn about advanced functional programming patterns, and how you can write your own Domain Specific Languages (DSLs). By the end of the book, you’ll be equipped with the skills you need to successfully build smart, efficient applications in Scala that can be compiled to the JVM.

Who is this book for?

This is an ideal book for developers who are looking to learn Scala, and is particularly well suited for Java developers looking to migrate across to Scala for application development on the JVM.

What you will learn

  • Understand the key language syntax and core concepts for application development
  • Master the type system to create scalable type-safe applications while cutting down your time spent debugging
  • Understand how you can work with advanced data structures via built-in features such as the Collections library
  • Use classes, objects, and traits to transform a trivial chatbot program into a useful assistant
  • Understand what are pure functions, immutability, and higher-order functions
  • Recognize and implement popular functional programming design patterns
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Length: 186 pages
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Language : English
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Table of Contents

9 Chapters
1. Setting up the Development Environment Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Basic Language Features Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Functions Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Scala Collections Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Scala Type System Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Implicits Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. Functional Idioms Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. Domain Specific Languages Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

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