You're reading from Mastering Machine Learning Algorithms Expert techniques for implementing popular machine learning algorithms, fine-tuning your models, and understanding how they work

Product type Paperback

Published in Jan 2020

Publisher Packt

ISBN-13 9781838820299

Length 798 pages

Edition 2nd Edition

Languages

Python

Tools

Keras

Concepts

Machine Learning

Authors (2):

Giuseppe Bonaccorso

View More author details

Table of Contents (28) Chapters

Preface

1. Machine Learning Model Fundamentals

2. Loss Functions and Regularization FREE CHAPTER

3. Introduction to Semi-Supervised Learning

4. Advanced Semi-Supervised Classification

5. Graph-Based Semi-Supervised Learning

6. Clustering and Unsupervised Models

7. Advanced Clustering and Unsupervised Models

8. Clustering and Unsupervised Models for Marketing

9. Generalized Linear Models and Regression

10. Introduction to Time-Series Analysis

11. Bayesian Networks and Hidden Markov Models

12. The EM Algorithm

13. Component Analysis and Dimensionality Reduction

14. Hebbian Learning

15. Fundamentals of Ensemble Learning

16. Advanced Boosting Algorithms

17. Modeling Neural Networks

18. Optimizing Neural Networks

19. Deep Convolutional Networks

20. Recurrent Neural Networks

21. Autoencoders

22. Introduction to Generative Adversarial Networks

23. Deep Belief Networks

24. Introduction to Reinforcement Learning

25. Advanced Policy Estimation Algorithms

26. Other Books You May Enjoy

27. Index

TD() algorithm

In the previous chapter, we introduced the temporal difference strategy, and we discussed a simple example called TD(0). In the case of TD(0), the discounted reward is approximated by using a one-step backup.

Hence, if the agent performs an action at in the state s_t, and the transition to the state s_t₊₁ is observed, the approximation becomes the following:

If the task is episodic (as in many real-life scenarios) and has T(e_i) steps, the complete backup for the episode e_i is as follows:

The previous expression ends when the MDP process reaches an absorbing state; therefore, R_t is the actual value of the discounted reward. The difference between TD(0) and this choice is clear: in the first case, we can update the value function after each transition, whereas with a complete backup, we need to wait for the end of the episode. We can say that this method (which is called Monte Carlo, because it's based on the idea of averaging the overall...