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Mastering Kubernetes
Mastering Kubernetes

Mastering Kubernetes: Large scale container deployment and management

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Mastering Kubernetes

Chapter 2. Creating Kubernetes Clusters

In the previous chapter, we learned what Kubernetes is all about, how it is designed, what concepts it supports, its runtime engines, and how it fits within the CI/CD pipeline.

Creating a Kubernetes cluster is a non-trivial task. There are many options and tools to select from. There are many factors to consider. In this chapter, we'll roll up our sleeves and build Kubernetes clusters. We will also discuss and evaluate tools such as Minikube and kubeadm, and deployment environments such as local, cloud, and bare metal. The topics we will cover are as follows:

  • Creating a single-node cluster with Minikube
  • Creating multi-node cluster using kubeadm
  • Creating clusters in the cloud
  • Creating bare-metal clusters from scratch

At the end of this chapter, you will have a solid understanding of the various options to create Kubernetes clusters and knowledge of the best-of-breed tools to support the creation of Kubernetes clusters, and you will also build...

Quick single-node cluster with Minikube

In this section, we will create a single-node cluster on Windows. The reason we will target Windows is that Minikube and single-node clusters are most useful for local developer machines. While Kubernetes is typically deployed on Linux in production, many developers work on Windows PCs or Macs. That said, there aren't too many differences if you do want to install Minikube on Linux:

Quick single-node cluster with Minikube

Getting ready

There are some pre-requisites to install before you can create the cluster itself. These include VirtualBox, the kubectl command-line interface to Kubernetes, and of course, Minikube itself. Here is a list of the latest versions at the time of writing:

Creating a multi-node cluster using kubeadm

In this section, I'll introduce you to kubeadm, the recommended tool for creating Kubernetes clusters on all environments. It is still relatively new and has some limitations, but it is the way to go. We will also deploy a custom service with a backing store in two separate pods.

Getting ready

Kubeadm operates on pre-provisioned hardware (physical or virtual). Before we create the Kubernetes cluster, we need to prepare a few VMs and install basic software such as docker, kubelet, kubeadm and kubectl (needed only on the master).

Preparing a cluster of vagrant VMs

The following vagrant file will create a cluster of four VMs called n1, n2, n3, and n4. It is based on Bento/Ubuntu-16.04 and not Ubuntu/xenial, which suffers from various issues:

# -*- mode: ruby -*-
# vi: set ft=ruby :
hosts = {
  "n1" => "192.168.77.10",
  "n2" => "192.168.77.11",
  "n3" => "192.168.77.12",
  &quot...

Creating clusters in the cloud (GCP, AWS, Azure)

Creating clusters locally is fun, and important during development and when trying to troubleshoot problems locally. But, in the end, Kubernetes is designed for cloud-native applications (applications that run in the cloud). Kubernetes doesn't want to be aware of individual cloud environments because that doesn't scale. Instead, Kubernetes has the concept of a cloud-provider interface. Every cloud provider can implement this interface and then host Kubernetes. Note that, as of version 1.5, Kubernetes still maintains implementations for many cloud providers in its tree, but in the future, they will be refactored out.

The cloud-provider interface

The cloud-provider interface is a collection of Go data types and interfaces. It is defined in a file called cloud.go, available at http://bit.ly/2fq4NbW. Here is the main interface:

type Interface interface {
  LoadBalancer() (LoadBalancer, bool)
  Instances() (Instances, bool)
  Zones() (Zones...

Creating a bare-metal cluster from scratch

In the previous section, we looked at running Kubernetes on cloud providers. This is the dominant deployment story for Kubernetes. But there are strong uses cases for running Kubernetes on bare metal. I don't focus here on hosted versus on-premises. This is yet another dimension. If you already manage a lot of servers on-premises, you are in the best position to decide.

Use cases for bare-metal

Bare-metal clusters are a bear, especially if you manage them yourself. There are companies that provide commercial support for bare-metal Kubernetes clusters, such as Platform 9, but the offerings are not mature yet. A solid open-source option is Kargo from Kubespray, which can deploy industrial-strength Kubernetes clusters on bare metal, AWS, GCE, and OpenStack.

Here are some use cases where it makes sense:

  • Price: If you already manage large-scale bare clusters, it may be much cheaper to run Kubernetes clusters on your physical infrastructure
  • Low network...

The process

There is a lot to do. Here is a list of some of the concerns you'll have to address:

  • Implementing your own cloud-provider interface or sidestepping it
  • Choosing a networking model and how to implement it (CNI plugin, direct compile)
  • Whether or not to use network policy
  • Select images for system components
  • Security model and SSL certificates
  • Admin credentials
  • Templates for components such as API Server, replication controller, and scheduler
  • Cluster services: DNS, logging, monitoring, and GUI

I recommend the following guide from the Kubernetes site to get a deeper understanding of what it takes to create a cluster from scratch: http://bit.ly/1ToR9EC.

Quick single-node cluster with Minikube


In this section, we will create a single-node cluster on Windows. The reason we will target Windows is that Minikube and single-node clusters are most useful for local developer machines. While Kubernetes is typically deployed on Linux in production, many developers work on Windows PCs or Macs. That said, there aren't too many differences if you do want to install Minikube on Linux:

Getting ready

There are some pre-requisites to install before you can create the cluster itself. These include VirtualBox, the kubectl command-line interface to Kubernetes, and of course, Minikube itself. Here is a list of the latest versions at the time of writing:

Creating a multi-node cluster using kubeadm


In this section, I'll introduce you to kubeadm, the recommended tool for creating Kubernetes clusters on all environments. It is still relatively new and has some limitations, but it is the way to go. We will also deploy a custom service with a backing store in two separate pods.

Getting ready

Kubeadm operates on pre-provisioned hardware (physical or virtual). Before we create the Kubernetes cluster, we need to prepare a few VMs and install basic software such as docker, kubelet, kubeadm and kubectl (needed only on the master).

Preparing a cluster of vagrant VMs

The following vagrant file will create a cluster of four VMs called n1, n2, n3, and n4. It is based on Bento/Ubuntu-16.04 and not Ubuntu/xenial, which suffers from various issues:

# -*- mode: ruby -*-
# vi: set ft=ruby :
hosts = {
  "n1" => "192.168.77.10",
  "n2" => "192.168.77.11",
  "n3" => "192.168.77.12",
  "n4" => "192.168.77.13"
}
Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
  # always...
Left arrow icon Right arrow icon

Key benefits

  • This practical guide demystifies Kubernetes and ensures that your clusters are always available, scalable, and up to date
  • Discover new features such as autoscaling, rolling updates, resource quotas, and cluster size
  • Master the skills of designing and deploying large clusters on various cloud platforms

Description

Kubernetes is an open source system to automate the deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications. If you are running more than just a few containers or want automated management of your containers, you need Kubernetes. This book mainly focuses on the advanced management of Kubernetes clusters. It covers problems that arise when you start using container orchestration in production. We start by giving you an overview of the guiding principles in Kubernetes design and show you the best practises in the fields of security, high availability, and cluster federation. You will discover how to run complex stateful microservices on Kubernetes including advanced features as horizontal pod autoscaling, rolling updates, resource quotas, and persistent storage back ends. Using real-world use cases, we explain the options for network configuration and provides guidelines on how to set up, operate, and troubleshoot various Kubernetes networking plugins. Finally, we cover custom resource development and utilization in automation and maintenance workflows. By the end of this book, you’ll know everything you need to know to go from intermediate to advanced level.

Who is this book for?

The book is for system administrators and developers who have intermediate level of knowledge with Kubernetes and are now waiting to master its advanced features. You should also have basic networking knowledge. This advanced-level book provides a pathway to master Kubernetes.

What you will learn

  • Architect a robust Kubernetes cluster for long-time operation
  • Discover the advantages of running Kubernetes on GCE, AWS, Azure, and bare metal
  • See the identity model of Kubernetes and options for cluster federation
  • Monitor and troubleshoot Kubernetes clusters and run a highly available Kubernetes
  • Create and configure custom Kubernetes resources and use third-party resources in your automation workflows
  • Discover the art of running complex stateful applications in your container environment
  • Deliver applications as standard packages

Product Details

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Publication date, Length, Edition, Language, ISBN-13
Publication date : May 25, 2017
Length: 426 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781786461001
Vendor :
Google
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Product Details

Publication date : May 25, 2017
Length: 426 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781786461001
Vendor :
Google
Tools :

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Table of Contents

15 Chapters
1. Understanding Kubernetes Architecture Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Creating Kubernetes Clusters Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Monitoring, Logging, and Troubleshooting Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. High Availability and Reliability Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Configuring Kubernetes Security, Limits, and Accounts Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Using Critical Kubernetes Resources Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. Handling Kubernetes Storage Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. Running Stateful Applications with Kubernetes Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
9. Rolling Updates, Scalability, and Quotas Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
10. Advanced Kubernetes Networking Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
11. Running Kubernetes on Multiple Clouds and Cluster Federation Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
12. Customizing Kubernetes - API and Plugins Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
13. Handling the Kubernetes Package Manager Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
14. The Future of Kubernetes Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

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(9 Ratings)
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4 star 11.1%
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2 star 22.2%
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Hosam Al Ali Aug 09, 2017
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
This is an excellent book, it contains hands on sample and practice
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Kathleen O'Reilly Dec 01, 2017
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
great book to learn Kubernetes if you are a novice
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Y. Pant Feb 17, 2019
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Coming from an architectural background, I wanted to see the overall architecture of Kubernetes at 5000 ft in diagrams (in addition to word description). I have read many books over the last few weeks - most of them provided great description of the capabilities of Kubernetes. However this book provided a great contextual diagram about how these individual pieces fitted together (a diagram is worth many thousand words).
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Ali Marshal Jul 14, 2017
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Mastering Kubernetes is a great book. It is both comprehensive and approachable. It covers Kubernetes from the very basics of working with pods and containers, and all the way through very advanced concepts like cluster federation, API usage, plugins and extensions. This is the only Kubernetes book that is up to date with the most recent additions to Kubernetes. I appreciate the attention to detail and how the author explains the concepts and the big picture first and then dives in into low-level detail and examples.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Hetz Ben Hamo Aug 15, 2017
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
This is one (if not THE one) of the best books to learn and familiarize yourself with Kubernetes. It's not only talking about Kubernetes which runs on a cloud like GCP, it also teaches you how to set it on your desktop, how to build it with few VM's, how to expose services (on places that you're not getting the cloud's provider external IP automatically), what's the competition, it also talks about other container formats (rkt, etc), how to monitor Kubernetes, how to write the YAML/JSON files etc.Looking forward for 2nd edition for this book (it talks about Kubernetes 1.4.x, we're in 1.7.x) ;)
Amazon Verified review Amazon
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