Blockchain layers and attacks
In this section, we’ll look at how we can see blockchain as a layered architecture to study security issues, attacks, and mitigation.
- Hardware layer: This is the core hardware on which a blockchain network node runs.
- Network layer: This is the core network layer on which blockchain protocols run. This layer includes protocols like TCP/IP, P2P, UDP, and other relevant services and protocols.
- Blockchain protocol layer: This is the blockchain layer where consensus, transaction execution, incentive management, and mining processes run.
- Blockchain application layer: This is the layer that consists of smart contracts and virtual machines, e.g., EVMs for executing smart contracts. DAPPs also exist at this layer, and so on.
- Interface layer: This layer includes bridges, oracles, governance, user interfaces for Web3 DAPPs, and APIs. While these components could possibly exist in the blockchain application layer, I think...
