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Home > Cloud & Networking > Configuration Management > Learning Ansible 2
Learning Ansible 2
Learning Ansible 2

Learning Ansible 2: Learn everything you need to manage and handle your systems with ease with Ansible 2 using this comprehensive guide , Second Edition

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Learning Ansible 2

Chapter 2. Automating Simple Tasks

As we have mentioned in the previous chapter, Ansible can be used for both, creating and managing a whole infrastructure, as well as be integrated into an infrastructure that is already working.

In this chapter, we will see:

  • What a playbook is and how it works
  • How to create a web server using Ansible
  • A close look at the Jinja2 template engine

But first we will talk about YAML Ain't Markup Language (YAML), a human-readable data serialization language that is widely used in Ansible.

YAML

YAML, like many other data serialization languages (such as JSON), has very few, basic concepts:

  • Declarations
  • Lists
  • Associative arrays

A declaration is very similar to a variable in any other language, that is:

name: 'This is the name'

To create a list, we will have to use '-':

- 'item1' 
- 'item2' 
- 'item3'

YAML uses indentation to logically divide parents from children. So if we want to create associative arrays (also known as objects), we would just need to add an indentation:

item: 
  name: TheName 
  location: TheLocation

Obviously, we can mix those together, that is:

people: 
  - name: Albert 
    number: +1000000000 
    country: USA 
  - name: David 
    number: +44000000000 
    country: UK

Those are the basics of YAML. YAML can do much more, but for now this will be enough.

Hello Ansible

As we have seen in the previous chapter, it is possible to use Ansible to automate simple tasks that you probably already perform daily.

Let's start by checking if a remote machine is reachable; in other words, let's start by pinging a machine. The simplest way to do this, is to run the following:

$ ansible all -i HOST, -m ping

Here, HOST is an IP address, the Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN), or an alias of a machine where you have SSH access (you can use a Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM), as we have seen in the previous chapter).

Tip

After the "HOST," the comma is mandatory, because otherwise it would not be seen as a list, but as a string.

In this case, we have performed it against a virtual machine on our system:

$ ansible all -i test01.fale.io, -m ping

You should receive something like this as a result:

test01.fale.io | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": false,
    "ping": "pong"
}

Now, let's see what we did and why. Let...

Working with playbooks

Playbooks are one of the core features of Ansible and tell Ansible what to execute. They are like a to-do list for Ansible that contains a list of tasks; each task internally links to a piece of code called a module. Playbooks are simple, human-readable YAML files, whereas modules are a piece of code that can be written in any language with the condition that its output be in the JSON format. You can have multiple tasks listed in a playbook and these tasks would be executed serially by Ansible. You can think of playbooks as an equivalent of manifests in Puppet, states in Salt, or cookbooks in Chef; they allow you to enter a list of tasks or commands you want to execute on your remote system.

Studying the anatomy of a playbook

Playbooks can have a list of remote hosts, user variables, tasks, handlers, and so on. You can also override most of the configuration settings through a playbook. Let's start looking at the anatomy of a playbook.

The purpose of the playbook...

Ansible verbosity

One of the first options anyone picks up is the debug option. To understand what is happening when you run the playbook, you can run it with the verbose (-v) option. Every extra v will provide the end user with more debug output.

Let's see an example of using the playbook debug for a single task using the following debug options:

  • The -v option provides the default output, as shown in the preceding examples.
  • The -vv option adds a little more information, as shown in the following example:
    Using /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg as config file 
 
    PLAYBOOK: setup_apache.yaml ******************************* 
    1 plays in setup_apache.yaml 
 
    PLAY [all] ************************************************ 
 
    TASK [setup] ********************************************** 
    ok: [test01.fale.io] 
 
    TASK [Ensure the HTTPd package is installed] ************** 
    task path: /home/fale/setup_apache.yaml:5 
    ok: [test01.fale.io] => {"changed": false, &quot...

YAML

YAML, like many other data serialization languages (such as JSON), has very few, basic concepts:

  • Declarations

  • Lists

  • Associative arrays

A declaration is very similar to a variable in any other language, that is:

name: 'This is the name'

To create a list, we will have to use '-':

- 'item1' 
- 'item2' 
- 'item3'

YAML uses indentation to logically divide parents from children. So if we want to create associative arrays (also known as objects), we would just need to add an indentation:

item: 
  name: TheName 
  location: TheLocation

Obviously, we can mix those together, that is:

people: 
  - name: Albert 
    number: +1000000000 
    country: USA 
  - name: David 
    number: +44000000000 
    country: UK

Those are the basics of YAML. YAML can do much more, but for now this will be enough.

Hello Ansible

As we have seen in the previous chapter, it is possible to use Ansible to automate simple tasks that you probably already perform daily.

Let's start by checking if a remote machine is reachable; in other words, let's start by pinging a machine. The simplest way to do this, is to run the following:

$ ansible all -i HOST, -m ping

Here, HOST is an IP address, the Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN), or an alias of a machine where you have SSH access (you can use a Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM), as we have seen in the previous chapter).

Tip

After the "HOST," the comma is mandatory, because otherwise it would not be seen as a list, but as a string.

In this case, we have performed it against a virtual machine on our system:

$ ansible all -i test01.fale.io, -m ping

You should receive something like this as a result:

test01.fale.io | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": false,
    "ping": "pong"
}

Now, let's see what we did and why. Let's start from the Ansible help. To query it, we can...

Working with playbooks

Playbooks are one of the core features of Ansible and tell Ansible what to execute. They are like a to-do list for Ansible that contains a list of tasks; each task internally links to a piece of code called a module. Playbooks are simple, human-readable YAML files, whereas modules are a piece of code that can be written in any language with the condition that its output be in the JSON format. You can have multiple tasks listed in a playbook and these tasks would be executed serially by Ansible. You can think of playbooks as an equivalent of manifests in Puppet, states in Salt, or cookbooks in Chef; they allow you to enter a list of tasks or commands you want to execute on your remote system.

Studying the anatomy of a playbook

Playbooks can have a list of remote hosts, user variables, tasks, handlers, and so on. You can also override most of the configuration settings through a playbook. Let's start looking at the anatomy of a playbook.

The purpose of the playbook we are...

Ansible verbosity

One of the first options anyone picks up is the debug option. To understand what is happening when you run the playbook, you can run it with the verbose (-v) option. Every extra v will provide the end user with more debug output.

Let's see an example of using the playbook debug for a single task using the following debug options:

  • The -v option provides the default output, as shown in the preceding examples.

  • The -vv option adds a little more information, as shown in the following example:

    Using /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg as config file 
 
    PLAYBOOK: setup_apache.yaml ******************************* 
    1 plays in setup_apache.yaml 
 
    PLAY [all] ************************************************ 
 
    TASK [setup] ********************************************** 
    ok: [test01.fale.io] 
 
    TASK [Ensure the HTTPd package is installed] ************** 
    task path: /home/fale/setup_apache.yaml:5 
    ok:...

Variables in playbooks

Sometimes it is important to set and get variables in a playbook.

Very often, you'll need to automate multiple similar operations. In those cases, you'll want to create a single playbook that can be called with different variables to ensure code reusability.

Another case where variables are very important is when you have more than one datacenter and some values will be datacenter-specific. A common example are the DNS servers. Let's analyze the following simple code that will introduce us to the Ansible way to set and get variables:

--- 
- hosts: all 
  remote_user: fale 
  tasks: 
  - name: Set variable 'name' 
    set_fact: 
      name: Test machine 
  - name: Print variable 'name' 
    debug: 
      msg: '{{ name }}'

Let's run it in the usual way:

$ ansible-playbook -i test01.fale.io, variables.yaml

You should see the following result:

PLAY [all] **********************************************************
TASK [setup...

Creating the Ansible user

When you create a machine (or rent one from any hosting company) it arrives only with the root user. Let's start creating a playbook that ensures that an Ansible user is created, it's accessible with an SSH key, and is able to perform actions on behalf of other users (sudo) with no password asked. I often call this playbook, firstrun.yaml since I execute it as soon as a new machine is created, but after that, I don't use it since it uses the root user that I disable for security reasons. Our script will look something like the following:

--- 
- hosts: all 
  user: root 
  tasks: 
  - name: Ensure ansible user exists 
    user: 
      name: ansible 
      state: present 
      comment: Ansible 
  - name: Ensure ansible user accepts the SSH key 
    authorized_key: 
      user: ansible 
      key: https://github.com/fale.keys 
   state: present 
  - name: Ensure the ansible user is sudoer with no...

Configuring a basic server

After we have created the user for Ansible with the necessary privileges, we can go on to make some other small changes to the OS. To make it more clear, we will see how each action is performed and then we'll look at the whole playbook.

Enabling EPEL

EPEL is the most important repository for Enterprise Linux and it contains a lot of additional packages. It's also a safe repository since no package in EPEL will conflict with packages in the base repository. To enable EPEL in RHEL/CentOS 7, it is enough to just install the epel-release package. To do so in Ansible, we will use:

- name: Ensure EPEL is enabled 
  yum: 
    name: epel-release 
    state: present 
  become: True

As you can see, we have used the yum module, as we did in one of the first examples of the chapter, specifying the name of the package and that we want it to be present.

Installing Python bindings for SELinux

Since Ansible is written in Python and mainly uses the Python...

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Key benefits

  • Simplify the automation of applications and systems using the newest version of Ansible
  • Get acquainted with fundamentals of Ansible such as playbooks, modules, and various testing strategies
  • A comprehensive, learning guide that provides you with great skills to automate your organization’s infrastructure using Ansible 2

Description

Ansible is an open source automation platform that assists organizations with tasks such as configuration management, application deployment, orchestration, and task automation. With Ansible, even complex tasks can be handled easier than before. In this book, you will learn about the fundamentals and practical aspects of Ansible 2 by diving deeply into topics such as installation (Linux, BSD, and Windows Support), playbooks, modules, various testing strategies, provisioning, deployment, and orchestration. In this book, you will get accustomed with the new features of Ansible 2 such as cleaner architecture, task blocks, playbook parsing, new execution strategy plugins, and modules. You will also learn how to integrate Ansible with cloud platforms such as AWS. The book ends with the enterprise versions of Ansible, Ansible Tower and Ansible Galaxy, where you will learn to interact Ansible with different OSes to speed up your work to previously unseen levels By the end of the book, you’ll able to leverage the Ansible parameters to create expeditious tasks for your organization by implementing the Ansible 2 techniques and paradigms.

Who is this book for?

The book is for sys admins who want to automate their organization’s infrastructure using Ansible 2. No prior knowledge of Ansible is required.

What you will learn

  • Set up Ansible 2 and an Ansible 2 project in a future-proof way
  • Perform basic operations with Ansible 2 such as creating, copying, moving, changing, and deleting files, and creating and deleting users
  • Deploy complete cloud environments using Ansible 2 on AWS and DigitalOcean
  • Explore complex operations with Ansible 2 (Ansible vault, e-mails, and Nagios)
  • Develop and test Ansible playbooks
  • Write a custom module and test it
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Publication date, Length, Edition, Language, ISBN-13
Publication date : Nov 21, 2016
Length: 266 pages
Edition : 2nd
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781786464231
Vendor :
Red Hat
Category :
Cloud & Networking
Concepts :
Configuration Management
Tools :
Ansible

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Publication date : Nov 21, 2016
Length: 266 pages
Edition : 2nd
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781786464231
Vendor :
Red Hat
Category :
Cloud & Networking
Concepts :
Configuration Management
Tools :
Ansible

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Table of Contents

10 Chapters
1. Getting Started with Ansible Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
1. Getting Started with Ansible
IT automation
What is Ansible?
Secure Shell (SSH)
Why Ansible?
Installing Ansible
Creating a test environment with QEMU and KVM
Version control system
Using Ansible with Git
Summary
2. Automating Simple Tasks Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Automating Simple Tasks
YAML
Hello Ansible
Working with playbooks
Ansible verbosity
Variables in playbooks
Creating the Ansible user
Configuring a basic server
Installing and configuring a web server
Publishing a website
Jinja2 templates
Summary
3. Scaling to Multiple Hosts Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Scaling to Multiple Hosts
Working with inventory files
Working with variables
Working with dynamic inventory
Working with iterates in Ansible
Summary
4. Handling Complex Deployment Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Handling Complex Deployment
Working with the local_action feature
Delegating a task
Working with conditionals
Working with include
Working with handlers
Working with roles
Execution strategies
Tasks blocks
The Ansible template - Jinja filters
Security management
Summary
5. Going Cloud Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Going Cloud
Provisioning resources in the cloud
Amazon Web Service
DigitalOcean
Summary
6. Getting Notifications from Ansible Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Getting Notifications from Ansible
E-mails
XMPP
Slack
Rocket Chat
Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
Amazon Simple Notification Service
Nagios
Summary
7. Creating a Custom Module Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. Creating a Custom Module
Using Python modules
Using bash modules
Using Ruby modules
Testing modules
Summary
8. Debugging and Error Handling Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. Debugging and Error Handling
The check mode
Indicating differences between files using --diff
Functional testing in Ansible
Functional testing using assert
Testing with tags
The --skip-tags
Managing exceptions
Trigger failure
Summary
9. Complex Environments Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
9. Complex Environments
Code based on the Git branch
A single stable branch with multiple folders
Software distribution strategy
Preparing the environment
Deploying a web app with revision control systems
Deploying a web app with RPM packages
Building compiled software with RPM packaging
Deployment strategies
Optimizations
Summary
10. Introducing Ansible for Enterprises Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
10. Introducing Ansible for Enterprises
Ansible on Windows
Ansible for networking devices
Ansible Galaxy
Ansible Tower
Summary

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To be honest, I didn't proceed beyond the first few sections, which dealt with setting up a local, virtual, environment using kvm and qemu, generating bootable images for VMs. Then he goes on to extol the virtues of version control and git. I wanted to learn Ansible! Not how to generate iso files for a kvm environment. Not re-learn git. In all, it's 45 pages before the author has the reader invoke ansible (aside from testing installation).
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About the author

Profile icon Fabio Alessandro Locati
Fabio Alessandro Locati
LinkedIn icon Github icon
Fabio Alessandro Locati – commonly known as Fale – is an EMEA associate principal solutions architect at Red Hat, a public speaker, an author, and an open source contributor. His primary areas of expertise are Linux, automation, security, and cloud technologies. Fale has more than 15 years of working experience in IT, with many of them spent consulting for various organizations, including dozens of Fortune 500 companies. Fale has written Learning Ansible 2.7, Learning Ansible 2, and OpenStack Cloud Security, and has been part of the review process of multiple books.
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Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela
What is custom duty/charge? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customs duty are charges levied on goods when they cross international borders. It is a tax that is imposed on imported goods. These duties are charged by special authorities and bodies created by local governments and are meant to protect local industries, economies, and businesses.

Do I have to pay customs charges for the print book order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The orders shipped to the countries that are listed under EU27 will not bear custom charges. They are paid by Packt as part of the order.

List of EU27 countries: www.gov.uk/eu-eea:

A custom duty or localized taxes may be applicable on the shipment and would be charged by the recipient country outside of the EU27 which should be paid by the customer and these duties are not included in the shipping charges been charged on the order.

How do I know my custom duty charges? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The amount of duty payable varies greatly depending on the imported goods, the country of origin and several other factors like the total invoice amount or dimensions like weight, and other such criteria applicable in your country.

For example:

  • If you live in Mexico, and the declared value of your ordered items is over $ 50, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 19% which will be $ 9.50 to the courier service.
  • Whereas if you live in Turkey, and the declared value of your ordered items is over € 22, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 18% which will be € 3.96 to the courier service.
How can I cancel my order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Cancellation Policy for Published Printed Books:

You can cancel any order within 1 hour of placing the order. Simply contact customercare@packt.com with your order details or payment transaction id. If your order has already started the shipment process, we will do our best to stop it. However, if it is already on the way to you then when you receive it, you can contact us at customercare@packt.com using the returns and refund process.

Please understand that Packt Publishing cannot provide refunds or cancel any order except for the cases described in our Return Policy (i.e. Packt Publishing agrees to replace your printed book because it arrives damaged or material defect in book), Packt Publishing will not accept returns.

What is your returns and refunds policy? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Return Policy:

We want you to be happy with your purchase from Packtpub.com. We will not hassle you with returning print books to us. If the print book you receive from us is incorrect, damaged, doesn't work or is unacceptably late, please contact Customer Relations Team on customercare@packt.com with the order number and issue details as explained below:

  1. If you ordered (eBook, Video or Print Book) incorrectly or accidentally, please contact Customer Relations Team on customercare@packt.com within one hour of placing the order and we will replace/refund you the item cost.
  2. Sadly, if your eBook or Video file is faulty or a fault occurs during the eBook or Video being made available to you, i.e. during download then you should contact Customer Relations Team within 14 days of purchase on customercare@packt.com who will be able to resolve this issue for you.
  3. You will have a choice of replacement or refund of the problem items.(damaged, defective or incorrect)
  4. Once Customer Care Team confirms that you will be refunded, you should receive the refund within 10 to 12 working days.
  5. If you are only requesting a refund of one book from a multiple order, then we will refund you the appropriate single item.
  6. Where the items were shipped under a free shipping offer, there will be no shipping costs to refund.

On the off chance your printed book arrives damaged, with book material defect, contact our Customer Relation Team on customercare@packt.com within 14 days of receipt of the book with appropriate evidence of damage and we will work with you to secure a replacement copy, if necessary. Please note that each printed book you order from us is individually made by Packt's professional book-printing partner which is on a print-on-demand basis.

What tax is charged? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Currently, no tax is charged on the purchase of any print book (subject to change based on the laws and regulations). A localized VAT fee is charged only to our European and UK customers on eBooks, Video and subscriptions that they buy. GST is charged to Indian customers for eBooks and video purchases.

What payment methods can I use? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

You can pay with the following card types:

  1. Visa Debit
  2. Visa Credit
  3. MasterCard
  4. PayPal
What is the delivery time and cost of print books? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela