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Home > Programming > Microservices > Hands-On Reactive Programming with Reactor
Hands-On Reactive Programming with Reactor
Hands-On Reactive Programming with Reactor

Hands-On Reactive Programming with Reactor: Build reactive and scalable microservices using the Reactor framework

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Hands-On Reactive Programming with Reactor

The Publisher and Subscriber APIs in a Reactor

The previous chapter provided you with a brief introduction to the evolution of the reactive paradigm. In that chapter, we discussed how Reactive Streams enable us to perform reactive modeling in imperative languages, such as Java. We also discussed the key components in reactive—the publisher and subscriber. In this chapter, we will cover these two components in detail. Since Reactive Streams is a specification, it does not provide any implementations of the two components. It only lists the responsibilities of the individual components. It is left to implementation libraries, such as Reactor, to provide concrete implementations for the interfaces. Reactor also provides different methods for instantiating publisher and subscriber objects.

We will cover the following topics in this chapter:

  • Comparing streams to existing Java...

Technical requirements

Stream publisher

As we discussed in the previous chapter, the publisher is responsible for the generation of unbounded asynchronous events, and it pushes them to the associated subscribers. It is represented by the org.reactivestreams.Publisher interface, as follows:

public interface Publisher<T> {
    public void subscribe(Subscriber<? super T> s);
}

The interface provides a single subscribe method. The method is invoked by any party that is interested in listening to events published by the publisher. The interface is quite simple, and it can be used to publish any type of event, be it a UI event (like a mouse-click) or a data event.

Since the interface is simple, let's add an implementation for our custom FibonacciPublisher:

public class FibonacciPublisher implements Publisher<Integer> {
    @Override
    public void subscribe(Subscriber<? super Integer...

Stream subscriber

A subscriber is used to listen to events generated by a publisher. When a subscriber registers to a publisher, it receives events in the following order:

As a result, the subscriber has the following interface to handle all of these events:

public interface Subscriber<T> {
    public void onSubscribe(Subscription s);
    public void onNext(T t);
    public void onError(Throwable t);
    public void onComplete();
}

Let's cover each of these methods in detail, as follows:

  • onSubscribe(Subscription s): As soon as a publisher has received a subscriber, it generates a subscription event. The generated subscription event is then received in the specified method.
  • onNext (T): All data events generated by a publisher are received by the subscriber in the specified method. A publisher may or may not publish a data event before closing the stream.
  • onCompletion()...

Reactive Streams comparison

Before we jump into Reactor, let's compare the Streams model with some of the existing similar APIs, such as the java.util.Observable interface and the JMS API. We will try to determine the similarities and the key differences between the APIs.

The Observable interface

The java.util.Observable interface implements the Observer pattern, which can be co-related here. However, all similarities end here. If we look at the Observable interface, we have the following methods:

public class Observable {
  void addObserver (Observer o);
  void deleteObserver (Observer o);
  void deleteObservers();
  void notifyObservers();
  void notifyObserver(int arg);
  int countObservers();
  boolean hasChanged();
}

Let...

The Flux API

Flux<T> is a general purpose reactive publisher. It represents a stream of asynchronous events with zero or more values, optionally terminated by either a completion signal or an error. It is important to note that a Flux emits the following three events:

  • Value refers to the values generated by the publisher
  • Completion refers to a normal termination of the stream
  • Error refers to an erroneous termination of the stream:

All of the preceding events are optional. This can lead to streams of the following types:

  • Infinite stream: A publisher generating only value events, and no terminal events (completion and error)
  • Infinite empty stream: A stream generating no value events and no terminating events
  • Finite stream: A publisher generating N finite values, followed by a terminal event
  • Empty stream: A publisher generating no value events, and only terminal events...

The Mono API

Now that we have covered the Flux API, let's look at Mono. It is capable of generating a maximum of one event. This is a specific use case for Flux, capable of handling one response model, such as data aggregation, HTTP request-response, service invocation response, and so on. It is important to note that a Mono emits the following three events:

  • Value refers to the single value generated by the publisher
  • Completion refers to a normal termination of the stream
  • Error refers to an erroneous termination of the stream

Since Mono is a subset of Flux, it supports a subset of Flux operators. Let's look at how to build a Mono.

Generating a Mono

The Mono<T> API supports stream generation from various...

Building subscribers to Flux and Mono

Reactor Flux and Mono provide a wide choice of subscribe methods. Reactive publishers raise four types of events, namely subscription, value, completion, and error. Individual functions can be registered for each of the events. We can also register a subscriber without listening to any kind of event. Let's look at all of the possible variants offered, as follows:

fibonacciGenerator.subscribe(); (1)

fibonacciGenerator.subscribe(t -> System.out.println("consuming " + t));   (2)

fibonacciGenerator.subscribe(t -> System.out.println("consuming " + t),
                e -> e.printStackTrace() ); (3)

fibonacciGenerator.subscribe(t -> System.out.println("consuming " + t),
                e -> e.printStackTrace(),
                ()-> System.out.println("Finished")); (4)

fibonacciGenerator.subscribe...

Summary

In this chapter, we provided a detailed discussion of the publisher and the subscriber interfaces of Reactive Streams. We attempted to implement these interfaces to illustrate that there are many non-explicit rules for them. These rules have been converted into the Reactive Streams TCK, against which all implementations should be validated. We also compared the publisher-subscriber pattern with the existing Observer and JMS patterns used in Java. Next, we took a detailed look at the Flux and Mono implementations available in Reactor. We looked at methods for creating them, and then subscribed to the generated streams.

In the next chapter, we will look at the operators that can be used to modify the generated streams.

Questions

  1. How can we validate Reactive Stream publisher and subscriber implementations?
  2. How is the Reactive Stream publisher-subscriber model different from the JMS API?
  3. How is the Reactive Stream publisher-subscriber model different from the Observer API?
  4. What is the difference between Flux and Mono?
  5. What is the difference between SynchronousSink and FluxSink?
  6. What are the different lifecycle hooks available in Reactor?

Further reading

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Key benefits

  • Use reactive APIs, Flux, and Mono to implement reactive extensions
  • Create concurrent applications without the complexity of Java's concurrent API
  • Understand techniques to implement event-driven and reactive applications

Description

Reactor is an implementation of the Java 9 Reactive Streams specification, an API for asynchronous data processing. This specification is based on a reactive programming paradigm, enabling developers to build enterprise-grade, robust applications with reduced complexity and in less time. Hands-On Reactive Programming with Reactor shows you how Reactor works, as well as how to use it to develop reactive applications in Java. The book begins with the fundamentals of Reactor and the role it plays in building effective applications. You will learn how to build fully non-blocking applications and will later be guided by the Publisher and Subscriber APIs. You will gain an understanding how to use two reactive composable APIs, Flux and Mono, which are used extensively to implement Reactive Extensions. All of these components are combined using various operations to build a complete solution. In addition to this, you will get to grips with the Flow API and understand backpressure in order to control overruns. You will also study the use of Spring WebFlux, an extension of the Reactor framework for building microservices. By the end of the book, you will have gained enough confidence to build reactive and scalable microservices.

Who is this book for?

If you’re looking to develop event- and data-driven applications easily with Reactor, this book is for you. Sound knowledge of Java fundamentals is necessary to understand the concepts covered in the book.

What you will learn

  • Explore benefits of the Reactive paradigm and the Reactive Streams API
  • Discover the impact of Flux and Mono implications in Reactor
  • Expand and repeat data in stream processing
  • Get to grips with various types of processors and choose the best one
  • Understand how to map errors to make corrections easier
  • Create robust tests using testing utilities offered by Reactor
  • Find the best way to schedule the execution of code
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Publication date : Sep 29, 2018
Length: 250 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781789135794
Category :
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Languages :
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Concepts :
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Length: 250 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781789135794
Category :
Programming
Languages :
Java
Concepts :
Microservices
Tools :
Flux

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Hands-On Reactive Programming with Reactor
Hands-On Reactive Programming with Reactor
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Table of Contents

12 Chapters
Getting Started with Reactive Streams Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Getting Started with Reactive Streams
Technical requirements
Reactive architecture
ReactiveX
Reactive Streams
Reactor
Summary
Questions
Further reading
The Publisher and Subscriber APIs in a Reactor Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
The Publisher and Subscriber APIs in a Reactor
Technical requirements
Stream publisher
Stream subscriber
Reactive Streams comparison
The Flux API
The Mono API
Building subscribers to Flux and Mono
Summary
Questions
Further reading
Data and Stream Processing Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Data and Stream Processing
Technical requirements
Filtering data
Converting data
Summary
Questions
Processors Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Processors
Technical requirements
An introduction to processors
Hot versus Cold publishers
Summary
Questions
SpringWebFlux for Microservices Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
SpringWebFlux for Microservices
Technical requirements
Introduction to SpringWebFlux
Summary
Questions
Dynamic Rendering Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Dynamic Rendering
Technical requirements
View templates
Learning about static resources
WebClient
Summary
Questions
Flow Control and Backpressure Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Flow Control and Backpressure
Technical requirements
Flow control
Backpressure
Summary
Questions
Handling Errors Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Handling Errors
Technical requirements
Generating errors
Error recovery
Timeout
WebClient
Summary
Questions
Execution Control Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Execution Control
Technical requirements
Scheduler
Parallel processing
Broadcasting
Summary
Questions
Testing and Debugging Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Testing and Debugging
Technical requirements
Testing Reactor pipelines
Debugging Reactor streams
Summary
Questions
Assessments Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Assessments
Chapter 1: Getting Started with Reactive Streams
Chapter 2: The Publisher and Subscriber APIs in a Reactor
Chapter 3: Data and Stream Processing
Chapter 4: Processors
Chapter 5: SpringWebFlux for Microservices
Chapter 6: Dynamic Rendering
Chapter 7: Flow Control and Backpressure
Chapter 8: Handling Errors
Chapter 9: Execution Control
Chapter 10: Testing and Debugging
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Customer reviews

Rating distribution
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(3 Ratings)
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1 star 100%
Maxterm Feb 23, 2019
Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 1
Seems like the bloggers overtake the book space now...There are grammar & spelling mistakes everywhere, code is badly formatted.A lot of pages are almost empty, guess it looks better to have 250 pages, instead of 100.The content is superficial. It's more like an API "reference", if you're willing to call it that. It lacks explanation of concepts and just goes through various Classes and Interfaces briefly describing the usage with an example. I stopped at 70% of the book. You could compress the knowledge gained at that point into a few well written pages.Another annoyance are those frequent "let's try something. Uh this doesn't work, but we could fix it. But let's not bother and move on" examples that make up a chapter. I have no idea what the author thought of that.All in all I will contact Amazon for a Kindle refund. Don't bother, go read some blog posts about Reactor.From a book like this, you would expect some deep conceptual explanations that go beyond simple tutorials. The beauty of books usually lay in the fact that the author spend a tremedous amount of time sorting through the content and fine-tuning it's presentation to convey information in a very structured, meaningful way that usually far exceeds the quality of blog posts and online documentation...Not so here. This book actually manages to lower the bar compared to blog posts and online documentation. It is completely useless... Maybe if it was priced at 5$ it'd be worth a shot.Just Google for the free official documentation, "Reactor 3 Reference Guide", that is what you actually want.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Amazon Customer Nov 06, 2022
Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 1
If this book is intended for junior Java programmers, then they will stop reading after the IntelliJ project definition instructions. How to create a project using IntelliJ IDE the author explained not bad. How to use the Reactive paradigm and what is this paradigm about is not explained at all. Instead, the author overwrites ReactiveX online manuals. If this book is intended for Java experts, should they buy it? I have a doubt. The online manual provides not less information than the book. Personally, I expected for an added value.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Amazon Customer Dec 02, 2020
Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 1
A rewording of the online documentation
Amazon Verified review Amazon

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  3. You will have a choice of replacement or refund of the problem items.(damaged, defective or incorrect)
  4. Once Customer Care Team confirms that you will be refunded, you should receive the refund within 10 to 12 working days.
  5. If you are only requesting a refund of one book from a multiple order, then we will refund you the appropriate single item.
  6. Where the items were shipped under a free shipping offer, there will be no shipping costs to refund.

On the off chance your printed book arrives damaged, with book material defect, contact our Customer Relation Team on customercare@packt.com within 14 days of receipt of the book with appropriate evidence of damage and we will work with you to secure a replacement copy, if necessary. Please note that each printed book you order from us is individually made by Packt's professional book-printing partner which is on a print-on-demand basis.

What tax is charged? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Currently, no tax is charged on the purchase of any print book (subject to change based on the laws and regulations). A localized VAT fee is charged only to our European and UK customers on eBooks, Video and subscriptions that they buy. GST is charged to Indian customers for eBooks and video purchases.

What payment methods can I use? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

You can pay with the following card types:

  1. Visa Debit
  2. Visa Credit
  3. MasterCard
  4. PayPal
What is the delivery time and cost of print books? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela