Order of operations when instantiating classes

The order of operations during class instantiation is very important to keep in mind when debugging issues with dynamically created and/or modified classes. Assuming an incorrect order can cause difficult-to-trace bugs. The instantiation of a class happens in the following order:

1. Finding the metaclass
2. Preparing the namespace
3. Executing the class body
4. Creating the class object
5. Executing the class decorators
6. Creating the class instance

We will go through each of these now.

Finding the metaclass

The metaclass comes from either the explicitly given metaclass on the class or bases, or by using the default type metaclass.

For every class, the class itself and the bases, the first matching of the following will be used:

• Explicitly given metaclass
• Explicit metaclass from bases
• type()

Note that if no metaclass is found that is a subtype of all...