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Home > Web Development > Full Stack Web Development > Django 3 Web Development Cookbook - Fourth Edition
Django 3 Web Development Cookbook - Fourth Edition
Django 3 Web Development Cookbook - Fourth Edition

Django 3 Web Development Cookbook: Actionable solutions to common problems in Python web development, Fourth Edition

By Aidas Bendoraitis , Jake Kronika
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Book Mar 2020 608 pages 4th Edition
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Django 3 Web Development Cookbook - Fourth Edition

Models and Database Structure

In this chapter, we will cover the following topics:

  • Using model mixins
  • Creating a model mixin with URL-related methods
  • Creating a model mixin to handle creation and modification dates
  • Creating a model mixin to take care of meta tags
  • Creating a model mixin to handle generic relations
  • Handling multilingual fields
  • Working with model translation tables
  • Avoiding circular dependencies
  • Adding database constraints
  • Using migrations
  • Changing a foreign key to the many-to-many field

Introduction

When you start a new app, the first thing that you do is create the models that represent your database structure. We are assuming that you have already created Django apps, or, at the very least, have read and understood the official Django tutorial. In this chapter, you will see a few interesting techniques that will make your database structure consistent across the different apps in your project. Then, you will see how to handle the internationalization of the data in your database. After that, you will learn how to avoid circular dependencies in your models and how to set database constraints. At the end of the chapter, you will see how to use migrations to change your database structure during the process of development.

Technical requirements

Using model mixins

In object-oriented languages, such as Python, a mixin class can be viewed as an interface with implemented features. When a model extends a mixin, it implements the interface and includes all of its fields, attributes, properties, and methods. The mixins in Django models can be used when you want to reuse the generic functionalities in different models multiple times. The model mixins in Django are abstract base model classes. We will explore them in the next few recipes.

Getting ready

First, you will need to create reusable mixins. A good place to keep your model mixins is in a myproject.apps.core app. If you create a reusable app that you will share with others, keep the model mixins in the reusable app...

Creating a model mixin with URL-related methods

For every model that has its own distinct detail page, it is good practice to define the get_absolute_url() method. This method can be used in templates and also in the Django admin site to preview the saved object. However, get_absolute_url() is ambiguous, as it returns the URL path instead of the full URL.

In this recipe, we will look at how to create a model mixin that provides simplified support for model-specific URLs. This mixin will enable you to do the following:

  • Allow you to define either the URL path or the full URL in your model
  • Generate the other URL automatically, based on the one that you defined
  • Define the get_absolute_url() method behind the scenes

Getting ready

...

Creating a model mixin to handle creation and modification dates

It is common to include timestamps in your models for the creation and modification of your model instances. In this recipe, you will learn how to create a simple model mixin that saves the creation and modification dates and times for your model. Using such a mixin will ensure that all of the models use the same field names for the timestamps, and have the same behaviors.

Getting ready

If you haven't yet done so, create the myproject.apps.core package to save your mixins. Then, create the models.py file in the core package.

How to do it...

...

Creating a model mixin to take care of meta tags

When you optimize your site for search engines, you not only have to use semantic markup for each page, but you also have to include appropriate meta tags. For maximum flexibility, it helps to have a way to define content for common meta tags, specific to objects that have their own detail pages on your website. In this recipe, we will look at how to create a model mixin for the fields and methods related to the keyword, description, author, and copyright meta tags.

Getting ready

As detailed in the previous recipes, make sure that you have the myproject.apps.core package for your mixins. Also, create a directory structure, templates/utils/includes/, under the package, and inside...

Creating a model mixin to handle generic relations

Aside from normal database relationships, such as a foreign-key relationship or a many-to-many relationship, Django has a mechanism to relate a model to an instance of any other model. This concept is called generic relations. For each generic relation, we save the content type of the related model as well as the ID of the instance of that model.

In this recipe, we will look at how to abstract the creation of generic relations in the model mixins.

Getting ready

For this recipe to work, you will need to have the contenttypes app installed. It should be in the INSTALLED_APPS list in the settings, by default, as shown in the following code:

# myproject/settings/_base.py

INSTALLED_APPS...

Handling multilingual fields

Django uses the internationalization mechanism to translate verbose strings in the code and templates. But it's up to the developer to decide how to implement the multilingual content in the models. We'll show you a couple of ways for how to implement multilingual models directly in your project. The first approach will be using language-specific fields in your model.

This approach has the following features:

  • It is straightforward to define multilingual fields in the model.
  • It is simple to use the multilingual fields in database queries.
  • You can use contributed administration to edit models with the multilingual fields, without additional modifications.
  • If you need to, you can effortlessly show all of the translations of an object in the same template.
  • After changing the amount of languages in the settings, you will need to create and run...

Working with model translation tables

The second approach to handling multilingual content in the database involves using model translation tables for each multilingual model.

The features of this approach are as follows:

  • You can use contributed administration to edit translations as inlines.
  • After changing the amount of languages in the settings, no migrations or other further actions are necessary.
  • You can effortlessly show the translation of the current language in the template, but it would be more difficult to show several translations in specific languages on the same page.
  • You have to know and use a specific pattern described in this recipe for creating model translations.
  • It's not that simple to use this approach for database queries, but, as you will see, it's still possible.
...

Avoiding circular dependencies

When developing Django models, it is very important to avoid circular dependencies especially in the models.py files. Circular dependencies are imports in different Python modules from each other. You should never cross-import from the different models.py files, because that causes serious stability issues. Instead, if you have interdependencies, you should use the actions described in this recipe.

Getting ready

Let's work with categories and ideas apps to illustrate how to deal with cross dependencies.

How to do it...

Follow these practices...

Adding database constraints

For better database integrity, it's common to define database constraints, telling some fields to be bound to fields of other database tables, making some fields unique or not null. For advanced database constraints, such as making the fields unique with a condition or setting specific conditions for the values of some fields, Django has special classes: UniqueConstraint and CheckConstraint. In this recipe, you will see a practical example of how to use them.

Getting ready

Let's start with the ideas app and the Idea model that will have at least title and author fields.

How to do it...

...

Using migrations

In Agile software development, requirements for the project evolve and get updated from time to time in the process of development. As development happens iteratively, you will have to perform database schema changes along the way. With Django migrations, you don't have to change the database tables and fields manually, as most of it is done automatically, using the command-line interface.

Getting ready

Activate your virtual environment in the command-line tool, and change the active directory to your project's directory.

How to do it...

To create...

Changing a foreign key to the many-to-many field

This recipe is a practical example of how to change a many-to-one relation to a many-to-many relation, while preserving the already existing data. We will use both schema and data migrations in this situation.

Getting ready

Let's suppose that you have the Idea model, with a foreign key pointing to the Category model.

  1. Let's define the Category model in the categories app, as follows:
# myproject/apps/categories/models.py
from django.db import models
from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _

from myproject.apps.core.model_fields import MultilingualCharField


class Category(models.Model):
    title = MultilingualCharField(
        _("Title"),
       ...
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Key benefits

  • Explore the latest version of Django, and learn effectively with the help of practical examples
  • Follow a task-based approach to develop professional web apps using Django and Python
  • Discover recipes to enhance the security and performance of your apps

Description

Django is a web framework for perfectionists with deadlines, designed to help you build manageable medium and large web projects in a short time span. This fourth edition of the Django Web Development Cookbook is updated with Django 3's latest features to guide you effectively through the development process. This Django book starts by helping you create a virtual environment and project structure for building Python web apps. You'll learn how to build models, views, forms, and templates for your web apps and then integrate JavaScript in your Django apps to add more features. As you advance, you'll create responsive multilingual websites, ready to be shared on social networks. The book will take you through uploading and processing images, rendering data in HTML5, PDF, and Excel, using and creating APIs, and navigating different data types in Django. You'll become well-versed in security best practices and caching techniques to enhance your website's security and speed. This edition not only helps you work with the PostgreSQL database but also the MySQL database. You'll also discover advanced recipes for using Django with Docker and Ansible in development, staging, and production environments. By the end of this book, you will have become proficient in using Django's powerful features and will be equipped to create robust websites.

What you will learn

Discover how to set the basic configurations to start any Django project Understand full-stack web application development using Django Build a database structure using reusable model mixins Implement security, performance, and deployment features in your web apps Import data from local sources and external web services and export it to your app Secure web applications against malicious usage and find and fix common performance bottlenecks
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Product Details

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Publication date : Mar 23, 2020
Length 608 pages
Edition : 4th Edition
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781838987428
Category :
Web Development
Languages :
Python (Intermediate)
Concepts :
Full Stack Web Development
Tools :
Django (Intermediate)

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Estimated delivery fee Deliver to Cyprus

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Product Details

Publication date : Mar 23, 2020
Length 608 pages
Edition : 4th Edition
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781838987428
Category :
Web Development
Languages :
Python (Intermediate)
Concepts :
Full Stack Web Development
Tools :
Django (Intermediate)

Table of Contents

15 Chapters
Preface Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Preface
Who this book is for
What this book covers
To get the most out of this book
Sections
Get in touch
1. Getting Started with Django 3.0 Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Getting Started with Django 3.0
Introduction
Technical requirements
Working with a virtual environment
Creating a project file structure
Handling project dependencies with pip
Configuring settings for development, testing, staging, and production environments
Defining relative paths in the settings
Handling sensitive settings
Including external dependencies in your project
Setting up STATIC_URL dynamically
Setting UTF-8 as the default encoding for the MySQL configuration
Creating the Git ignore file
Deleting Python-compiled files
Respecting the import order in Python files
Creating an app configuration
Defining overwritable app settings
Working with Docker containers for Django, Gunicorn, Nginx, and PostgreSQL
2. Models and Database Structure Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Models and Database Structure
Introduction
Technical requirements
Using model mixins
Creating a model mixin with URL-related methods
Creating a model mixin to handle creation and modification dates
Creating a model mixin to take care of meta tags
Creating a model mixin to handle generic relations
Handling multilingual fields
Working with model translation tables
Avoiding circular dependencies
Adding database constraints
Using migrations
Changing a foreign key to the many-to-many field
3. Forms and Views Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Forms and Views
Introduction
Technical requirements
Creating an app with CRUDL functions
Saving the author of a model instance
Uploading images
Creating a form layout with custom templates
Creating a form layout with django-crispy-forms
Working with formsets
Filtering object lists
Managing paginated lists
Composing class-based views
Providing Open Graph and Twitter Card data
Providing schema.org vocabularies
Generating PDF documents
Implementing a multilingual search with Haystack and Whoosh
Implementing a multilingual search with Elasticsearch DSL
4. Templates and JavaScript Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Templates and JavaScript
Introduction
Technical requirements
Arranging the base.html template
Using Django Sekizai
Exposing settings in JavaScript
Using HTML5 data attributes
Providing responsive images
Implementing a continuous scrolling
Opening object details in a modal dialog
Implementing the Like widget
Uploading images via Ajax
5. Custom Template Filters and Tags Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Custom Template Filters and Tags
Introduction
Technical requirements
Following conventions for your own template filters and tags
Creating a template filter to show how many days have passed since a post was published
Creating a template filter to extract the first media object
Creating a template filter to humanize URLs
Creating a template tag to include a template, if it exists
Creating a template tag to load a QuerySet in a template
Creating a template tag to parse content as a template
Creating template tags to modify request query parameters
6. Model Administration Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Model Administration
Introduction
Technical requirements
Customizing columns on the change list page
Creating sortable inlines
Creating admin actions
Developing change list filters
Changing the app label of a third-party app
Creating a custom accounts app
Getting user Gravatars
Inserting a map into a change form
7. Security and Performance Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Security and Performance
Introduction
Technical requirements
Making forms secure from Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF)
Making requests secure with Content Security Policy (CSP)
Using django-admin-honeypot
Implementing password validation
Downloading authorized files
Adding a dynamic watermark to images
Authenticating with Auth0
Caching the method return value
Using Memcached to cache Django views
Using Redis to cache Django views
8. Hierarchical Structures Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Hierarchical Structures
Introduction
Technical requirements
Creating hierarchical categories with django-mptt
Creating a category administration interface with django-mptt-admin
Rendering categories in a template with django-mptt
Using a single selection field to choose a category in forms with django-mptt
Using a checkbox list to choose multiple categories in forms with django-mptt
Creating hierarchical categories with django-treebeard
Creating a basic category administration interface with django-treebeard
9. Importing and Exporting Data Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Importing and Exporting Data
Introduction
Technical requirements
Importing data from a local CSV file
Importing data from a local Excel file
Importing data from an external JSON file
Importing data from an external XML file
Preparing paginated sitemaps for search engines
Creating filterable RSS feeds
Using Django REST framework to create an API
10. Bells and Whistles Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Bells and Whistles
Introduction
Technical requirements
Using the Django shell
Using database query expressions
Monkey patching the slugify() function for better internationalization support
Toggling the Debug toolbar
Using ThreadLocalMiddleware
Using signals to notify administrators about new entries
Checking for missing settings
11. Testing Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Testing
Introduction
Technical requirements
Testing views with mock
Testing the user interface with Selenium
Testing APIs created using Django REST framework
Ensuring test coverage
12. Deployment Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Deployment
Introduction
Technical requirements
Releasing a reusable Django app
Deploying on Apache with mod_wsgi for the staging environment
Deploying on Apache with mod_wsgi for the production environment
Deploying on Nginx and Gunicorn for the staging environment
Deploying on Nginx and Gunicorn for the production environment
13. Maintenance Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Maintenance
Introduction
Technical requirements
Creating and restoring MySQL database backups
Creating and restoring PostgreSQL database backups
Setting up cron jobs for regular tasks
Logging events for further introspection
Getting detailed error reporting via email
14. Other Books You May Enjoy Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Other Books You May Enjoy
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About the authors

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Profile icon Aidas Bendoraitis
LinkedIn Github
Aidas Bendoraitis has been professionally building websites for the past 18 years. For the last 14 years, he has been working at a design company, studio 38 pure communication, in Berlin. Together with a small dedicated team, he has mostly used Django in the backend and jQuery in the frontend to create cultural and touristic web platforms.Among different side projects, he is bootstrapping a SaaS business with strategic prioritizer 1st things 1st. Aidas Bendoraitis is active on Twitter and other social media under the username DjangoTricks.
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Profile icon Jake Kronika
LinkedIn Github
Jake Kronika, a senior software engineer with nearly 25 years' experience, has been working with Python since 2005, and Django since 2007. Evolving alongside the web development space, his skillset encompasses HTML5, CSS3, and ECMAScript 6 on the frontend, plus Python, Django, Ruby on Rails, Node.js, and much more besides on the server side. Currently a senior software engineer and development team lead, he collaborates with skilled designers, business stakeholders, and developers around the world to architect robust web applications. In his spare time, he also provides full-spectrum web services as sole proprietor of Gridline Design and Development. Prior to this book, he has acted as a technical reviewer for several other Packt titles.
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On the off chance your printed book arrives damaged, with book material defect, contact our Customer Relation Team on customercare@packt.com within 14 days of receipt of the book with appropriate evidence of damage and we will work with you to secure a replacement copy, if necessary. Please note that each printed book you order from us is individually made by Packt's professional book-printing partner which is on a print-on-demand basis.

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Currently, no tax is charged on the purchase of any print book (subject to change based on the laws and regulations). A localized VAT fee is charged only to our European and UK customers on eBooks, Video and subscriptions that they buy. GST is charged to Indian customers for eBooks and video purchases.

What payment methods can I use? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

You can pay with the following card types:

  1. Visa Debit
  2. Visa Credit
  3. MasterCard
  4. PayPal
What is the delivery time and cost of print books? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela