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Matplotlib 2.x By Example
Matplotlib 2.x By Example

Matplotlib 2.x By Example: Multi-dimensional charts, graphs, and plots in Python

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Profile Icon Allen Yu Profile Icon Aldrin Yim Profile Icon Claire Chung
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Paperback Aug 2017 334 pages 1st Edition
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Arrow left icon
Profile Icon Allen Yu Profile Icon Aldrin Yim Profile Icon Claire Chung
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Paperback Aug 2017 334 pages 1st Edition
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Matplotlib 2.x By Example

Figure Aesthetics

Now that you have entered the world of Matplotlib, surely you will want more than plain boring figures that look all the same. This chapter talks about the aesthetics of a figure. We introduce the structure and components of a Matplotlib figure and how to style these details. In this chapter, you will learn how to make a figure stylish, professional, and genuinely yours.

Here are the topics covered in this chapter:

  • Basic structure and terminologies of a Matplotlib figure
  • Setting colors in Matplotlib
  • Adjusting text formats
  • Lines and markers
    • Customizing line styles
    • Customizing marker styles
  • Grids, ticks, and axes
    • Adding and adjusting grid lines
    • Adjusting tick spacing
    • Customizing tick formatters
    • Adding axes labeling
    • Nonlinear axes
  • Title and legends
  • Style sheet support

Basic structure of a Matplotlib figure

A basic Matplotlib figure is made up of multiple components common to different plot types. It will be useful to familiarize ourselves with the terminologies, as we will be using them frequently in plotting. To get you up to speed, we have prepared a glossary of these basic objects. For clearer illustration, here is a plot adapted from Matplotlib's official website that nicely highlights the anatomy of a typical Matplotlib figure:

Glossary of objects in a Matplotlib figure

  • Figure: A figure is the whole plotting area that contains all plot elements. Multiple subplots may be tiled in grid within one figure.
  • Subplot: A subplot is a subregion in a figure that contains all of the relevant...

Setting colors in Matplotlib

Many elements in a Matplotlib figure can have their colors specified. There are several ways to do so. You will come across the color parameter as a keyword argument for style settings very often in different functions. The alternate abbreviated keyword c can often be used. We will first briefly introduce the general rule here.

Single letters for basic built-in colors

There is a list of common colors we can quickly call with single letters:

  • b: Blue
  • g: Green
  • r: Red
  • c: Cyan
  • m: Magenta
  • y: Yellow
  • k: Black
  • w: White

Names of standard HTML colors

...

Adjusting text formats

For an informative figure, we typically have a number of text elements, including the title, labels of axes and ticks, legend, and any additional annotations. We can adjust the font size and font family in the default rc settings. These settings are set in a dictionary-like variable, matplotlib.rcParams, so you can do import matplotlib and define a parameter like this:

matplotlib.rcParams['font.size'] = 18 

Matplotlib also provides functions to alter the settings. The matplotlib.rc() changes the parameters one by one, whereas matplotlib.rcParams.update() accepts a dictionary input to change multiple settings simultaneously. Let's say we would like to change the font size to 20 and font family to serif, then use. We can do so in two ways:

matplotlib.rc('font', size=18)
matplotlib.rc('font&apos...

Customizing lines and markers

Lines and markers are key components found among various plots. Many times, we may want to customize their appearance to better distinguish different datasets or for better or more consistent styling. Whereas markers are mainly used to show data, such as line plots and scatter plots, lines are involved in various components, such as grids, axes, and box outlines. Like text properties, we can easily apply similar settings for different line or marker objects with the same method.

Lines

Most lines in Matplotlib are drawn with the lines  class, including the ones that display the data and those setting area boundaries. Their style can be adjusted by altering parameters in ...

Customizing grids, ticks, and axes

Lines of grids, ticks, and axes help us to visually locate and measure the data values. Their distribution and style determine whether they make good visual aids for the plot or clutter the figure. We will demonstrate the basic methods here.

Grids

Sometimes it may not be easy to tell the coordinates of any point in the plot. Grid lines extend from axis tick marks and help us estimate the value at a certain position.

Adding grids

Grids can be added by calling pyplot.grid(). By default, grid lines will be added at major tick marks...

Using style sheets

We have learned to set the style details step by step so far. The matplotlib.style module provides a handy way to apply a predefined global style to the whole figure. There are a number of built-in style sheets coming along the matplotlib package. You can call matplotlib.style.available to check them out:

The function returns a list of built-in style sheets, including classic, seaborn, and ggplot. Classic refers to the Matplotlib style before version 2.0. Seaborn is a popular package built on top of Matplotlib that offers some special plotting APIs and themes for generating aesthetically attractive statistical figures. In Matplotlib 2.0, we can easily work on the styling natively for simple plot types, without importing an extra module. Multiple style sheets for different purposes are available. The ...

Title and legend

Title and legend are pieces of text that facilitate quick comprehension of the data context. Although a title is not required or recommended, sometimes, such as in inline figures of many scientific publications, adding a title for your plot often helps make the message clear, especially when your figure is not accompanied by explanatory text. For plots with multiple datasets, it is a good practice to keep a data legend with a distinct color or pattern code labeled with the corresponding identities.

Adding a title to your figure

The title of a figure can be set by pyplot.title() or axes.set_title(). Text properties can be supplied as keyword arguments.

...

Test your skills

Now that we have gone through each style setting one by one, it's your showtime to combine all the techniques!

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt; plt.rcdefaults()
import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl

mpl.style.use('seaborn-darkgrid')

# 2001-2015 per genome sequencing cost in USD
# Adapted from NIH National Human Genome Research Institute figures
# genome.gov/sequencingcosts
# Data were quoted from builtwith.com on May 8th 2017
# Seasonal data were averaged by year for simplicity

# Prepare the data
years = list(range(2001,2016))
y_pos = np.arange(len(years))
seqcost = [95263071.92,70175437.42,61448421.50,53751684.08,
40157554.23,28780376.21,\
20442576.14,19934345.74,18519312.16,17534969.56,16159699.44,
16180224.10,\
13801124.19,12585658.90,11732534.52,11455315.22,10474556.36,
9408738.91,\
9047002.97,8927342.14,7147571.39,3063819.99,1352982.23,752079...

Summary

In this chapter, you learned how to set the styles, including colors, sizes, and shapes, of various elements in a Matplotlib plot. Now you are also aware of some stylistic considerations for a refined figure.

In the next chapter, we will continue to discuss the appearance of plots, moving our focus to the layout and annotation.

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Key benefits

  • Create and customize live graphs, by adding style, color, font to make appealing graphs.
  • A complete guide with insightful use cases and examples to perform data visualizations with Matplotlib's extensive toolkits.
  • Create timestamp data visualizations on 2D and 3D graphs in form of plots, histogram, bar charts, scatterplots and more.

Description

Big data analytics are driving innovations in scientific research, digital marketing, policy-making and much more. Matplotlib offers simple but powerful plotting interface, versatile plot types and robust customization. Matplotlib 2.x By Example illustrates the methods and applications of various plot types through real world examples. It begins by giving readers the basic know-how on how to create and customize plots by Matplotlib. It further covers how to plot different types of economic data in the form of 2D and 3D graphs, which give insights from a deluge of data from public repositories, such as Quandl Finance. You will learn to visualize geographical data on maps and implement interactive charts. By the end of this book, you will become well versed with Matplotlib in your day-to-day work to perform advanced data visualization. This book will guide you to prepare high quality figures for manuscripts and presentations. You will learn to create intuitive info-graphics and reshaping your message crisply understandable.

Who is this book for?

This book is for anyone interested in data visualization, to get insights from big data with Python and Matplotlib 2.x. With this book you will be able to extend your knowledge and learn how to use python code in order to visualize your data with Matplotlib. Basic knowledge of Python is expected.

What you will learn

  • • Familiarize with the latest features in Matplotlib 2.x
  • • Create data visualizations on 2D and 3D charts in the form of bar charts, bubble charts, heat maps, histograms, scatter plots, stacked area charts, swarm plots and many more.
  • • Make clear and appealing figures for scientific publications.
  • • Create interactive charts and animation.
  • • Extend the functionalities of Matplotlib with third-party packages, such as Basemap, GeoPandas, Mplot3d, Pandas, Scikit-learn, and Seaborn.
  • • Design intuitive infographics for effective storytelling.
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Table of Contents

8 Chapters
Hello Plotting World! Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Figure Aesthetics Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Figure Layout and Annotations Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Visualizing Online Data Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Visualizing Multivariate Data Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Adding Interactivity and Animating Plots Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
A Practical Guide to Scientific Plotting Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Exploratory Data Analytics and Infographics Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
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