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Large Scale Machine Learning with Python
Large Scale Machine Learning with Python

Large Scale Machine Learning with Python: Learn to build powerful machine learning models quickly and deploy large-scale predictive applications

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Profile Icon Sjardin Profile Icon Luca Massaron Profile Icon Alberto Boschetti
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Paperback Aug 2016 420 pages 1st Edition
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Arrow left icon
Profile Icon Sjardin Profile Icon Luca Massaron Profile Icon Alberto Boschetti
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$54.99
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Paperback Aug 2016 420 pages 1st Edition
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Large Scale Machine Learning with Python

Chapter 2. Scalable Learning in Scikit-learn

Loading a dataset into memory, preparing a data matrix, training a machine learning algorithm, and testing its generalization capabilities using out-of-sample observations are often not such a big deal given the quite powerful and yet affordable computers of this day and age. However, more and more frequently, the scale of the data to be elaborated is so huge that loading it into the core memory of your computer is not possible and, even if manageable, the result is intractable both in terms of data management and machine learning.

Alternative viable strategies beyond the core memory processing are possible: splitting the data into samples, using parallelism, and finally learning in small batches or by single instances. The present chapter will focus on the out-of-the-box solution that the Scikit-learn package offers: the streaming of mini batches of instances (our observations) from data storage and the incremental learning based on...

Out-of-core learning

Out-of-core learning refers to a set of algorithms working with data that cannot fit into the memory of a single computer, but that can easily fit into some data storage such as a local hard disk or web repository. Your available RAM, the core memory on your single machine, may indeed range from a few gigabytes (sometimes 2 GB, more commonly 4 GB, but we assume that you have 2 GB at maximum) up to 256 GB on large server machines. Large servers are like the ones you can get on cloud computing services such as Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), whereas your storage capabilities can easily exceed terabytes of capacity using just an external drive (most likely about 1 TB but it can reach up to 4 TB).

As machine learning is based on globally reducing a cost function, many algorithms initially have been thought to work using all the available data and having access to it at each iteration of the optimization process. This is particularly true for all algorithms based on...

Streaming data from sources

Some data is really streaming through your computer when you have a generative process that transmits data, which you can process on the fly or just discard, but not recall afterward unless you have stored it away in some data archival repository somewhere. It is like dragging water from a flowing river—the river keeps on flowing but you can filter and process all the water as it goes. It's a completely different strategy from processing all the data at once, which is more like putting all the water in a dam (an analogy for working with all the data in-memory).

As an example of streaming, we could quote the data flow produced instant by instant by a sensor or, even more simply, a Twitter streamline of tweets. Generally, the main sources of data streams are as follows:

  • Environment sensors measuring temperature, pressure, and humidity
  • GPS tracking sensors recording the location (latitude/longitude)
  • Satellites recording image data
  • Surveillance videos and...

Stochastic learning

Having defined the streaming process, it is now time to glance at the learning process as it is the learning and its specific needs that determine the best way to handle data and transform it in the preprocessing phase.

Online learning, contrary to batch learning, works with a larger number of iterations and gets directions from each single instance at a time, thus allowing a more erratic learning procedure than an optimization made on a batch, which immediately tends to get the right direction expressed from the data as a whole.

Batch gradient descent

The core algorithm for machine learning, gradient descent, is therefore revisited in order to adapt to online learning. When working on batch data, gradient descent can minimize the cost function of a linear regression analysis using much less computations than statistical algorithms. The complexity of gradient descent ranks in the order O(n*p), making learning regression coefficients feasible even in the occurrence of a...

Feature management with data streams

Data streams pose the problem that you cannot evaluate as you would do when working on a complete in-memory dataset. For a correct and optimal approach to feed your SGD out-of-core algorithm, you first have to survey the data (by taking a chuck of the initial instances of the file, for example) and find out the type of data you have at hand.

We distinguish among the following types of data:

  • Quantitative values
  • Categorical values encoded with integer numbers
  • Unstructured categorical values expressed in textual form

When data is quantitative, it could just be fed to the SGD learner but for the fact that the algorithm is quite sensitive to feature scaling; that is, you have to bring all the quantitative features into the same range of values or the learning process won't converge easily and correctly. Possible scaling strategies are converting all the values in the range [0,1], [-1,1] or standardizing the variable by centering its mean to zero and converting...

Summary

In this chapter, we have seen how learning is possible out-of-core by streaming data, no matter how big it is, from a text file or database on your hard disk. These methods certainly apply to much bigger datasets than the examples that we used to demonstrate them (which actually could be solved in-memory using non-average, powerful hardware).

We also explained the core algorithm that makes out-of-core learning possible—SGD—and we examined its strength and weakness, emphasizing the necessity of streams to be really stochastic (which means in a random order) to be really effective, unless the order is part of the learning objectives. In particular, we introduced the Scikit-learn implementation of SGD, limiting our focus to the linear and logistic regression loss functions.

Finally, we discussed data preparation, introduced the hashing trick and validation strategies for streams, and wrapped up the acquired knowledge on SGD fitting two different models—classification...

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Key benefits

  • Design, engineer and deploy scalable machine learning solutions with the power of Python
  • Take command of Hadoop and Spark with Python for effective machine learning on a map reduce framework
  • Build state-of-the-art models and develop personalized recommendations to perform machine learning at scale

Description

Large Python machine learning projects involve new problems associated with specialized machine learning architectures and designs that many data scientists have yet to tackle. But finding algorithms and designing and building platforms that deal with large sets of data is a growing need. Data scientists have to manage and maintain increasingly complex data projects, and with the rise of big data comes an increasing demand for computational and algorithmic efficiency. Large Scale Machine Learning with Python uncovers a new wave of machine learning algorithms that meet scalability demands together with a high predictive accuracy. Dive into scalable machine learning and the three forms of scalability. Speed up algorithms that can be used on a desktop computer with tips on parallelization and memory allocation. Get to grips with new algorithms that are specifically designed for large projects and can handle bigger files, and learn about machine learning in big data environments. We will also cover the most effective machine learning techniques on a map reduce framework in Hadoop and Spark in Python.

Who is this book for?

This book is for anyone who intends to work with large and complex data sets. Familiarity with basic Python and machine learning concepts is recommended. Working knowledge in statistics and computational mathematics would also be helpful.

What you will learn

  • Apply the most scalable machine learning algorithms
  • Work with modern state-of-the-art large-scale machine learning techniques
  • Increase predictive accuracy with deep learning and scalable data-handling techniques
  • Improve your work by combining the MapReduce framework with Spark
  • Build powerful ensembles at scale
  • Use data streams to train linear and non-linear predictive models from extremely large datasets using a single machine
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Length: 420 pages
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Language : English
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Table of Contents

11 Chapters
1. First Steps to Scalability Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Scalable Learning in Scikit-learn Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Fast SVM Implementations Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Neural Networks and Deep Learning Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Deep Learning with TensorFlow Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Classification and Regression Trees at Scale Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. Unsupervised Learning at Scale Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. Distributed Environments – Hadoop and Spark Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
9. Practical Machine Learning with Spark Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
A. Introduction to GPUs and Theano Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

Rating distribution
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon 4
(3 Ratings)
5 star 66.7%
4 star 0%
3 star 0%
2 star 33.3%
1 star 0%
Z.V. Sep 19, 2016
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
This is the best book for Python-based data science, focusing on ML and big data I have encountered (and I’ve been around!). The authors cover a wide-range of intermediate and advanced topics, which they explain in terms of theory and applications. I particularly liked the Unsupervised Learning chapter, where they not only covered the quite popular k-means algorithm, but also provided a couple of heuristics for finding the optimum number of clusters while they wrote a few words about one of its most powerful variants (k-means++) too.Although Python falls short when it comes to handling large data sets or multiple CPUs/GPUs on its own, the authors describe the various solutions to these issues via the use of large scale frameworks, such as Spark, making Python a versatile tool for big data scenarios. Also, they introduce the various packages required to accomplish all the analytics-related tasks, making this book also a great reference manual for all data scientists who veer towards this language.Personally I lean towards more elegant and more modern programming tools, such a s Julia and Scala, but I found this book quite refreshing and insightful, definitely a great addition to my data science library. If you are someone who takes data science seriously and has learned the basics, I would highly recommend this book for you.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Oleg Okun Aug 21, 2016
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Disclosure: I was a technical reviewer of this book.Many books when their subject is Machine Learning with Python concentrate on a few most known and used libraries to explain Machine Learning tasks and solutions. Although I don't want to say that such books are useless for readers, they may still leave gaps in understanding of how a certain method or library would work in real-world scenarios. Authors of the book "Large Scale Machine Learning with Python" set up an ambitious goal to teach readers how to solve real-world Machine Learning problems by employing a variety of libraries, frameworks, and tools relying on Python. This advantageously differentiates a given book from many other books on the same subject.The following practical situations are considered and their solutions are presented:- Tall datasets when the number of cases is large, compared to the number of features.- Wide datasets when the number of features is large, compared to the number of cases.- Both tall and wide datasets when both the number of features and the number of cases are large.- Sparse datasets when there are many zero-valued elements.The book treats the problem of scalability from different angles, such as fast batch (offline) processing, incremental online processing (one instance at a time arrives), streaming processing (a chunk of instances at a time arrives) and distributed processing. Popular libraries and frameworks, such as Gensim, H2O, XGBoost, TensorFlow, Theano, Theanets, Keras, Vowpal Wabbit, and Spark and their applications are explained through numerous Python snippets. In my opinion, this is one of the first books presenting all these tools under one cover.In addition to Python code, the book also covers such advanced topics like Deep Learning, Ensemble Learning, validation of streaming algorithm performance, and GPU processing.I recommend this book as a good companion to any Machine Learning practitioner who already has fairly good understanding of theory behind Machine Learning algorithms.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
M. Athar Aug 31, 2017
Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 2
This book is just too all over the place to be useful. Most of the stuff you can learn for free by going through the documentation for the various technologies discussed.No real discussion on RNNs, or calculus on computational graphs (which bascially defeats the purpose of tensorflow).
Amazon Verified review Amazon
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