Views act as containers; they are usually used to group controls together and can be more easily moved around the screen if needed. One very simple example for this would be a toolbar; it is nothing else than a panel containing buttons when you think of it. Now, if you need to change the location of the toolbar on your screen, you can simply move the container, not every single button. A window is a top-level container that can contain other views. The major difference is that it can be opened and closed. Opening a window will load all of its containing views; closing that same window will automatically remove the views contained in it.

Now that we have opened the app.js file and cleared all of its content, we can start working on a clean slate.

So the very first thing that we need in every application is a Window object. Every application today has at least one window. Some of them can fill the entire screen, have no title whatsoever, or even be transparent. But they are windows nonetheless.

The Titanium API provides us with several functions to create our UI objects. They are usually contained in the Titanium.UI namespace. Think of it as a package where you store functions that share a similar domain (such as User Interface, Geolocation, and Media management).

We create the window using the Ti.Ui.createWindow function. We want it to have a white background color and a vertical layout. Since we want to interact with our window later on in the code, we store its reference into a variable named win.

var win = Ti.UI.createWindow({
  backgroundColor: '#ffffff',
  layout: 'vertical'
});

We added the layout property as an extra property to make sure that components will be stacked below one another. Thus, we're making sure that none of them will overlap. Different applications will have different needs, but in this specific case, it is appropriate.

The main function of a stopwatch is to display the current time; for this, we will use a Label component. In order to give a visual effect of having light text over a dark background, we will put this label in a container view as explained in The UI structure section of this chapter.

So first, we create our container view. We want to position it at the very top. It will fill the entire width of the screen and will take up 30 percent of the screen's height.

var timeView = Ti.UI.createView({
  top:0,
  width: '100%',
  height: '30%',
  backgroundColor: '#1C1C1C'
});

Then, we want to create a label that will display the timer itself. The label object has more than 50 properties that can affect its appearance and behavior, so we won't go over all of them at this stage. What is important to remember here, is that we want it to have a large font (to display big numbers), and we want the text to be centered. We will also give a default value of READY? for when the counter is not running.

var label = Ti.UI.createLabel({
  color: '#404040',
  text: 'READY?',
  height: Ti.UI.SIZE,
  textAlign: 'center',
  verticalAlign: Ti.UI.TEXT_VERTICAL_ALIGNMENT_CENTER,
  font:{
    fontSize: '55sp',
    fontWeight: 'bold'
  }
});

Now that both controls have been created, we need to add them to our window. As explained earlier, first we add the Label object to its container view:

timeView.add(label);

Then, we add this same container view to our window:

win.add(timeView);

Finally, we show the window using the open function:

win.open();

We can now do our first run

We can launch the application using the Run button from the App Explorer tab (on a simulator/emulator, or directly on a device). To see your code in action, simply click on the Run button, select where you want to run it, and the application will start (provided the code has no errors).

Our very first run shows our main window (with a white background), our container view (with a dark background), and our label showing READY? on the screen, as shown in the following screenshot:

This is not much yet, but we are getting there.

Now that we can show the time on our stopwatch, we need some way to start and stop it. To do this, we will use two button components. Buttons are pretty straightforward; the user touches it, an event occurs, and an action is performed.

As we want our buttons to be horizontally aligned, it makes perfect sense to group them inside a view. This view will act as a toolbar. It will fill the entire width of the screen, occupy 10 percent of the screen's height, and have a horizontal layout. The buttons are laid out from left to right.

var buttonsView = Ti.UI.createView({
  width: '100%',
  height: '10%',
  layout: 'horizontal'
});

Now, we need a button to start the stopwatch and another one to stop it. Much like labels, buttons have a lot of properties, so we won't go over all of them here. What is important here, is that they each have a different title (this is what the user sees on the button), and they each take up about 50 percent of the screen's width. Also, they each have different colors but share the same font.

var buttonStartLap = Ti.UI.createButton({
  title: 'GO!',
  color: '#C0BFBF',
  width: '50%',
  height: Ti.UI.FILL,
  backgroundColor: '#727F7F',
  font: {
    fontSize: '25sp',
    fontWeight: 'bold'
  }
});

var buttonStopReset = Ti.UI.createButton({
  title: 'STOP',
  color: '#C0BFBF',
  width: '50%',
  height: Ti.UI.FILL,
  backgroundColor: '#404040',
  font: {
    fontSize: '25sp',
    fontWeight: 'bold'
  }
});

Notice that we didn't give any x position for the buttons. That's one advantage of using the layout property since it takes care of it for us.

Once the buttons are created, we simply add them to their parent view and then add this same parent to the main window, as shown in the following code:

buttonsView.add(buttonStopReset);
buttonsView.add(buttonStartLap);
win.add(buttonsView);

We see the buttons, but they don't do much yet!

Once we have added our buttons, we can run our application once again, and we will see our newly added buttons. But at this point in time, they have no code behind them, as shown in the following screenshot:

Let's start with the GO! button. We want it to start counting when the user presses it. So to achieve this, we need to add an event handler that will be triggered when the user presses the button.

Titanium provides us with a simple function named addEventListener. This function has two parameters:

• The event's name we want to handle (click, swipe, pinch, and so on)
• The function that will be executed when the event occurs

For our two buttons, we add event handlers for the click event. Once this event is caught, the code contained in the function (passed as a second parameter), will be executed, as shown in the following code:

ButtonStartLap.addEventListener('click', function(e) {
  stopWatch.start();
}

ButtonStopReset.addEventListener('click', function(e) {
  stopWatch.stop();
  label.text = 'READY?';
}

Tip

We could have also used an already existing function and reused it as our second parameter. This becomes useful when you want to reuse the same code for different events.

var alertFunc = function(e) {
    alert('Reusable code');
}

buttonStartLap.addEventListener('click', alertFunc);

Since we now have a working stopwatch application, we can implement more advanced features. One of those new features is the ability to keep a track of each lap and later on being able to view those laps.

The way that this feature will be presented to a user is quite simple. When the timer is running, the user has the ability to press a button. When this button is pressed, the application saves the current value on the timer and adds it to a list, without affecting the stopwatch counter in progress. The user can use this feature for an unlimited number of times, as long as the stopwatch is running.

var isRunning = false;

buttonStartLap.addEventListener('click', function(e) {
  // If the timer is running, we add a new lap
  if (isRunning) {
    Ti.API.info(stopWatch.toString());
  } else {
    // If the clock is not ticking, then we start it
    isRunning = true;
    buttonStartLap.title = 'LAP!';
    buttonStopReset.title = 'STOP';
    stopWatch.start();
  }
});

[INFO] 00:01:17:37
[INFO] 00:02:53:19
[INFO] 00:04:06:93
[INFO] 00:06:11:52

var table = Ti.UI.createTableView({
  width: '100%',
  height:Ti.UI.FILL,
  backgroundColor: '#C0BFBF'
});

win.add(table);

buttonStartLap.addEventListener('click', function(e) {
  if (isRunning) {
    var row = Ti.UI.createTableViewRow({
      title: stopWatch.toString(),
      color: '#404040',
      className: 'lap',
      leftImage: '/images/lap.png',
      font:{
        fontSize: '24sp',
        fontWeight: 'bold'
      }
    });
    

 table.appendRow(row);
  } else {
  // else code doesn't change

The reset button shares the same principle as the GO! button. When the timer is running, the button gives the ability to stop the timer. If it is already stopped, it can be used to reset the timer and empty the list of laps.

We check whether the timer is already running. If it is, we stop the timer, change the button title accordingly, and set the variable to false.

If it is not already running, we clear the table of all its rows. Notice that we don't really delete any row, but instead we assign its data with an empty array. Then, we reset the timer and update the label's text to its initial value.

buttonStopReset.addEventListener('click', function(e) {
  if (isRunning) {
    buttonStartLap.title = 'GO!';
    buttonStopReset.title = 'RESET';
    stopWatch.stop();
    isRunning = false;
  } else {
    table.setData([]);
    stopWatch.reset();
    label.text = 'READY?';
  }
});

Well, there you have it! A fully-featured, native mobile application that is fully compatible with iOS and Android devices with a single code base. All of this was made with less than 120 lines of code (including comments).

Here is our final stopwatch with the lap counter: