Preface

	"Statistical thinking will one day be as necessary for efficient citizenship as the ability to read and write."
	--H. G. Wells

	"I have a great subject [statistics] to write upon, but feel keenly my literary incapacity to make it easily intelligible without sacrificing accuracy and thoroughness."
	--Sir Francis Galton

A web search for "data science Venn diagram" returns numerous interpretations of the skills required to be an effective data scientist (it appears that data science commentators love Venn diagrams). Author and data scientist Drew Conway produced the prototypical diagram back in 2010, putting data science at the intersection of hacking skills, substantive expertise (that is, subject domain understanding), and mathematics and statistics knowledge. Between hacking skills and substantive expertise—those practicing without strong mathematics and statistics knowledge—lies the "danger zone."

Five years on, as a growing number of developers seek to plug the data science skills' shortage, there's more need than ever for statistical and mathematical education to help developers out of this danger zone. So, when Packt Publishing invited me to write a book on data science suitable for Clojure programmers, I gladly agreed. In addition to appreciating the need for such a book, I saw it as an opportunity to consolidate much of what I had learned as CTO of my own Clojure-based data analytics company. The result is the book I wish I had been able to read before starting out.

Clojure for Data Science aims to be much more than just a book of statistics for Clojure programmers. A large reason for the spread of data science into so many diverse areas is the enormous power of machine learning. Throughout the book, I'll show how to use pure Clojure functions and third-party libraries to construct machine learning models for the primary tasks of regression, classification, clustering, and recommendation.

Approaches that scale to very large datasets, so-called "big data," are of particular interest to data scientists, because they can reveal subtleties that are lost in smaller samples. This book shows how Clojure can be used to concisely express jobs to run on the Hadoop and Spark distributed computation frameworks, and how to incorporate machine learning through the use of both dedicated external libraries and general optimization techniques.

Above all, this book aims to foster an understanding not just on how to perform particular types of analysis, but why such techniques work. In addition to providing practical knowledge (almost every concept in this book is expressed as a runnable example), I aim to explain the theory that will allow you to take a principle and apply it to related problems. I hope that this approach will enable you to effectively apply statistical thinking in diverse situations well into the future, whether or not you decide to pursue a career in data science.